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Biology 1406 > Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Ratio between the size of an image produced by a microscope and it’s actual size

A

Magnification

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2
Q

Ability to observe two adjacent objects as distinct from one a other

A

Resolution

Shorter wavelength of light provides greater resolution

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3
Q

The two groups of microscopes based on source of illumination

A

Light microscope (resolution 200 nm)

Electron (resolution 2nm)

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4
Q

Two locations ribosomes carry out protein synthesis

A

Rough er and cytosol

Free ribosomes- in cytoplasm for the proteins used in the cytoplasm

Bound ribosomes- rough er, membrane proteins are made here

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5
Q

Small and large components made in the nucleus. Come out _________

A

Separately

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6
Q

ER is an extension of the ________

A

Nuclear envelope

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7
Q

What are the folds called on both ER?

A

Cisterne

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8
Q

What does the endomembrane system include ?

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes
  • vacuoles
  • plasma membrane
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9
Q

Functions of smooth er?

A
  • synthesis liquids
  • metabolize carbohydrates
  • store calcium
  • detoxify drugs and poisons
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10
Q

Functions of the rough er

A

Has bound ribosomes

  • produces protein membranes which at distributed by transport vesicles (secretory proteins/most glycoproteins)
  • membrane factory for cell
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11
Q

What is the membrane factory for the cell?

A

Rough er

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12
Q

The golgi Consists of flattened membranous sacs called __________
What are the two faces called?

A

Cisternae

Cis face (forming) 
Trans face (maturing)
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13
Q

Most subcellular structures, or organelles are too small to be seen by a light microscope. True or false?

A

True

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14
Q

A type of light microscope that allows living cells to examined in their natural state?
I’m transparent specimens

A

Phase contrast microscopes

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15
Q

Electron microscopes use __________ rather than glass lenses to focus the beam

A

Electromagnets

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16
Q

The two most common types of electron microscopes

A

Transmission TEM- focuses electrons through a specimen
Used to mainly to study internal surface of cells***

Scanning SEM-focuses a beam of electrons into the SURFACE of a specimen for images that look 3D

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17
Q

What is cell theory?

A
  • all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
  • cells are the smallest units of life
  • new cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division
  • cell structure is correlated to cellular function
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18
Q

Basic features of ALL cells

A
  • plasma membrane
  • cytoplasm/cytosol
  • chromosomes
  • ribosomes
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19
Q

Characteristics of prokaryotes

A
  • Lack nucleus
  • lack various internal structures bound with phospholipid membranes
  • small
  • simple structures
  • composed of bacteria and archaea
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20
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • true nucleus
  • internal membrane-bound organelles
  • larger
  • more complex structures
  • composed of algae, Protozoa, fungi, and animals, and plants
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21
Q

In the nucleotide region majority of prokaryotes have ____ circular chromosome
And eukaryotes it’s linear and has ____ copies

23 pairs
46 total

A

1,2

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22
Q

In prokaryotes the DNA is in the….

A

Nucleoid region

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23
Q

Bacteria cell walls are made of ____________

Archaea cell walls are made of ____________

A

Peptidoglycan

Pseudomurein

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24
Q

Basic features if bacterial cells

A
  • plasma membrane
  • cytoplasm/cytosol
  • nucleoid
  • ribosomes
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25
Ribosomes are not organelles because they lack a __________
Membrane
26
Where are ribosomes made?
In the nucleolus
27
What is beneath the nuclear envelope?
Nuclear lamina- gives it shape
28
Describe the nuclear envelope
Double membrane/ 2 phospholipid bilayers on top of each other
29
What are lysosomes
Membranous sac of hydrolysis enzymes/ uses water to break down stuff Lysomal enzymes are made by the er
30
Phagocytosis
When lysosomes break down something from outside the cell
31
Autophagy
When lysomes break down something within the cell
32
Where are vacuoles derived from?
The golgi of ER Found in both animal and plant cells
33
Oxidative organelles in both plants and animals
Peroxisomes
34
A stack of thylakoids in chloroplast is called
Granum
35
Which cellular structure is common to all three domains of life?
Phospholipid bilayer cell membrane
36
The structures of chloroplast
Outer membrane Inner membrane Taylakoids, membranous sacs (a stack is called granum) Stroma, the internal fluid
37
Mitochondria and chloroplast have similarities with ________
Bacteria Envelopes by a double membrane Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA Grows and reproduces somewhat independently in cells
38
Enzymes responsible for biosynthesis of membrane lipids are located in what part of an animal cell?
Smooth ER
39
What is the order of exocytosis or secretion pathway?
Rough ER, transport vesicle, golgi, transport vesicle, plasma membrane
40
Specialized metabolic compartments binded by a SINGLE membrane
Peroxisome
41
Toxic molecules broken down - general function to catalyze certain reactions that break down molecules by removing hydrogen or adding oxygen - by product of reaction is H2O2 - catalase breaks down H2O2 into water and oxygen
Peroxisomes: oxidation
42
The cytoskeleton is _________ the plasma membrane
Beneath
43
Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm | Organizes cell’s structure and activities, anchoring many organelles
Cytoskeleton
44
What is the cytoskeleton composed of?
Mircotubules Mircofiliments Intermediate filaments
45
Component of the cytoskeleton that is involved with cell division Dynamic
Mircotubule
46
Component of the cytoskeleton Made of actin, smallest diameter Dynamic
Microfilment
47
Component of the cytoskeleton, medium size, nucleus it’s shape.
Intermediate filaments
48
- Hollow rods about 25nm in diameter and about 200 nm to 25 microns long - function is shaping cell, guide movement of organelles***, separating chromosomes during cell division***
Microtubules
49
What is a pair of centrosomes called?
Centrozome
50
In many cells, mircotubules grow out from a ___________ near the nucleus
Centrosome
51
- “Microtubule-organizing center” | - cell centrioles (a pair In animal cells), 9 triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring
Centrosomes
52
Do plants have centrosomes
No
53
What is cilla and flagella made of?
Microtubules
54
The base of cilla and flagella looks like a ___________ Basil body and Dynein 9 doubles, 2 in the middle
Centriole
55
- Double chain of actin subunits - forms a 3D network just inside the plasma membrane to help support the cells shape and provide strength - intercellular movement - cell movement - cytokinesis
Microfilaments (actin filaments)
56
Microfilments that function in cellular motility contain the protein ________ in addition to actin ________
Myosin, actin
57
What drives amoeboid movement?
Microfiliments by actin and myosin
58
A circular flow of cytoplasm within cells that occurs in plants Movement from actin - myosin
Cytoplasmic steaming
59
Support cell shape and fix organelles in place More permanent cytoskeleton fixtures than the other two classes Beneath the envelope
Intermediate fibers
60
Protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excess uptake of water. Cellular fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein
Cell walls of plants
61
Openings in cell walls, channels that perforate plant cell walls -water and small solutes (and sometimes proteins and RNA) can pass from cell to cell
Plasmodesmata
62
Layers of plant cell walls
Primary cell wall- relatively thin and flexible Middle lamella-think layer between primary walls of adjacent cells (holds them together) Secondary cell wall- only in some cells, added between the plasma membrane and the primary wall
63
Animal cells lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate _______________
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
64
The ECM is made of up of .....
Glycoproteins and other macromolecule
65
Functions of the ECM
- support - adhesion - movement - regulation
66
- membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid - held together along the entire space
Tight junctions
67
- (Anchoring junctions), fasten cell’s together into strong sheets - held just in one spot
Desmosomes
68
(Communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
Gap junction

Biology 1406 (20 decks)

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