Chapter 17 - Pharmacology, Drugs, and Sports Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
Pharmacology
A
branch of science that deals with the actions of drugs on biological systems, especially drugs that are used in medicine for diagnostic for therapeutic purposes
2
Q
drug
A
chemical agent used in the prevention, treatment, or diagnosis of disease/pathology
3
Q
Pharmacokinetics
A
methods by which drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated or excreted by the body
4
Q
pharmacodynamics
A
the actions or the effects of a drug on the body
5
Q
inhalation
A
brings drug to respiratory tract
6
Q
intradermal/subcutaneous
A
hypodermic needle injection
7
Q
intramuscular
A
gluteal area or deltoid
8
Q
intraspinal
A
anesthetization, withdrawal of spinal fluid
9
Q
intravaginal
A
readily absorbed through mucosa
10
Q
intravenous
A
immediate reaction to medication
11
Q
sublingual /buccal
A
medicine dissolves in mouth and is absorbed by mucous lining
12
Q
Inunctions
A
oily/medicated substances rubbed on skin
13
Q
ointments
A
long-lasting topical medication
14
Q
pastes
A
ointments with a nonfat base; spread onto cloth, usually having a cooling effect
15
Q
plasters
A
thicker than ointments
usually an irritant applied as a counterirritant
used to decrease pain and inflammation
16
Q
transdermal patches
A
patches with slow-release medications
17
Q
solutions
A
antiseptics, disinfectants, vasoconstrictors
18
Q
drug vehicle
A
therapeutically inactive substance that transports a drug, a drug is housed in a vehicle that is liquid or solid
19
Q
liquid drug vehicle
A
aqueous solution, elixir, liniment, spirit, suspension, syrup
20
Q
solid drug vehicle
A
ampule, capsule, ointment, paste, tablet, plaster, powder, suppository
21
Q
absorption of drug determined by
A
chemical characteristics of the drug, dosage form, and gastric emptying time
22
Q
efficacy of a drug
A
capability of the drug to produce a specific therapeutic effect once it reaches the target tissue
23
Q
potency of a drug
A
dose of the drug that is required to produce a desired therapeutic effect
24
Q
metabolism of a drug
A
biotransformation of drugs into water-soluble compounds that can be excreted
mostly takes place in liver
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drug half-life
the rate at which a drug disappears from the body
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steady state
when the mont of the drugs taken is equal to the amount that is excreted
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administer
providing a single dose of medication for immediate use by the patient
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dispense
providing the patient with a drug in a quantity sufficient to be used for multiple doeses
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record keeping should include
```
name, complaint/symptoms, current meds,
known drug allergies, name of meds given,
lot number,
expiration date,
quantity of medication given,
method of administration,
date and time of administration
```
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labeling requirements for drugs
name of the produce
name and address of the manufacturers, packer or distributor
net contents of the package
established name of all active ingredients on the quantity of certain other ingredients whether active or not
name of any habit forming drug contained
cautions and warnings to protect the consumer
adequate directions for same and effective use
expiration date and lot number
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anesthetics
produce local or general numbness
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antacids
neutralize acidity
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anticoagulants
prevent coagulation of blood
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antidotes
prevent or counteract effect of poison
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antiprurtics
relieve itching
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antispetics
kill bacteria or inhibit their growth
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antispasmodics
relieve muscle spasm
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antitussives
inhibit or prevent coughing
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astringents
cause contraction or puckering action
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bacteriostatics
retard/inhibit growth of bacteria
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carminatives
relieve flatulence (gas)
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cathartics
evacuate substances from bowels
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caustics
burning agents (capable of destroying living tissue)
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counterirritants
produce an inflammatory reaction for relief of deeper inflammation
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depressants
diminish body function or nerve activity
46
disinfectants
kill/inhibit growth of micro-organisms (apply to only nonliving material)
47
diuretics
increase excretion of urine
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emetics
cause vomiting
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expectorants
suppress coughing
50
hemostatics
slow down or stop bleeding or hemorrhage
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irritants
cause irritation
52
narcotics
produce analgesic and hypnotic effects
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sedatives
relieve anxiety
54
skeletal muscle relaxants
depress neural activity within skeletal muscle
55
vasoconstrictors and vasodilators
constrict or dilate blood vessel
56
alcohol
inexpensive, non-irritating, kills bacteria immediately
antiseptic, anstringent
57
phenol
derivatives are more commonly used
58
halogens
chemical substances (chlorine, fluoride, bromine)
iodophors (combo of iodine and a carrier)
59
oxidizing agents
hydrogen peroxide (affects bacteria but readily decomposes in the presence of organic substances such as blood and pus)
doesn't work well as an antiseptic
60
most common fungi
epidermophyton
trichophyton
candida albicans
61
athletes foot
ketoconazole, amphotericin B
62
Griseofulvin
may become a functioning part of cutaneous tissue
63
antibiotics
topical dressings or systemic medications
64
penicillins / cephalosporins
antibiotics
interfere with metabolism of bacteria
65
bacitracin, tetracycline
modifies infection rather than getting ride of it
antibiotic
66
erythromycin
strep throat
antibiotic
67
sulfonamides
antibiotic
makes pathogens vulnerable to phagocytes
68
types of drugs for asthma
quick-relief meds
long term control
metered-dose inhalers
dry powder inhalers
69
quick relief meds for asthma
short-acting beta 2 agonists (albuterol-bronchodilator)
anticholinergics
oral corticosteroids
70
long term control meds for asthma
inhaled corticosteroids (prevent inflammation of chronic asthma), long-acting beta 2 agonists
71
drugs that inhibit pain and inflammation
counterirritants and local anesthetics
narcotic analgesics
nonnarcotic analgesics and antipyretics
72
counterirritants and local anesthetics
```
spray coolants
alcohol (evaporates and cools rapidly)
menthol (i.e. vix vaporub)
cold/ice - vasoconstriction and numbness
lydocaine
```
73
narcotic analgesics
codeine
propoxyphene hydrochloride
morphine
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codeine
resembles morphine but is less potent
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propoxyphene hydrochloride
mild analgesic, stronger than aspirin, can be habit forming
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morphine
strong pain reliever
habit forming
can slow respiration
77
nonnarcotic analgesics and antipyretics
acetominophen: non anti-inflammatory activity; over ingestion could cause liver damage
78
drugs to reduce inflammation
aspirin, NSAIDs, Corticosteroids
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aspirin
acetylsalicylic acid
anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesisc,
GI side effects, should not be given to
80
NSAIDs
non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug
inhibits prostaglandin synthesis;
anti-inflammation
less side effects, longer duration
81
corticosteroids
chronic inflammation
via injection,
can cause weakening/degeneration of tendons and ligaments
82
Drugs for GI disorders
Antacids, antiemetics, carminatives, cathartics, Antidiarrheals, histamine-2 blockers
83
Antacids (what does it do, what does it tx, common form)
neutralize acidity in upper GI
raises pH
inhibits digestive enzyme (pepsin)
tx: acid indigestion,heartburn, peptic ulcers
common: sodium bicarbonate
84
Antiemetics
tx: nausea/vomiting
Phenegran, antihistaines, anticholinergic drugs for preventing motion sickness and sedative drugs
side effect: sleepiness
85
Carminatives
relief from gas (flatulence)
inhibit gas formation in digestive canal and aid in its expulsion.
simethicone-commonly used
86
cathartics
laxatives
| should be used under direction of a physician
87
antidiarrheals
locally acting medication
contain kaolin (absorbs other chemicals) and pectin (soothes irritated bowels)
some add bulk
most are prescription drugs (except loperamide/Imodium AD)
88
Histamine-2 Blockers
reduce stomach acid output by blocking histamine on certain cells in the stomach
tx: peptic ulcers, gastic ulcers,
Tagamet, Zantac
89
Drugs used to tx colds and allergies
nasal decongestants
antihistamines
cough medicines
sympathomimetics
90
nasal decongestants
mild vasoconstricting agents (Afrin, Otivin)
prolonged used can cause congestion and dependency
Oral agents (Sudafed)
91
Antihistamines
histamines cause dilation of arteries and capillaries, skin flushing, rise in skin temp
Benadryl, Claritin
can impair ability to sweat
92
cough medicines
antitussives (suppress cough)
-contain - diphenhydraine, dextromethorphan, bezonatate
or increase production of fluid in respiratory system (expectorants)
-contain guaifenesin
93
Sympathomimetics
used to tx exercise-induced asthma;
albuterol - bronchodilator
epinephrine - anaphylatic reaction
94
drugs used to control bleeding
vasoconstrictors
hemostatic agents
anticoagulants
95
Vasoconstrictors
epinephrine, applied to hemorrhaging area
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hemostatic agents
thrombin
97
anticoagulants
common - herparin and coumarin derivatives
98
herparin
prolongs clotting time of blood (controls extension of a present thrombus)
99
coumarin
suppressing the formation of pro-thrombin in the liver
100
drugs that increase rate of heat illness
drugs that affect CNS and PnS
anticholinergics and antihistamines - decrease peripheral sweating
sympathomimetic amines - vasoconstrictors could cause heat stroke
101
Performance enhancing substances
stimulants, narcotica analgesics drugs, beta blockers, diuretics, anabolic steroids, androstenedione, human growth hormone
102
stimulants
psychomotor stimulant drugs (amphetamines and non-amphetamine)
adrenergic dugs
103
amphetamines
produce euphoria, increased sense of well-being, heightened mental activity
will cause fatigue, nervousness, insomnia, and anorexia
104
caffeine
stimulates cerebral cortex
wakefulness
mental alertness
can raise BP, increase plasma levels of epinephrine and rennin
105
narcotic analgesic drugs
derived from opium or synthetic opiates
morphine/codeine - pain management
106
beta blockers (what they effect, used for, how they work)
beta: type of sympathetic nerve ending
used for hypertension and heart disease or by sports requiring steadiness
inhibit action of catecholamines - producing relaxation of blood vessels --> slows heart rate and decreases contractility of heart muscle and Cardiac output
107
anabolic steroids
synthetically created chemical compounds who structure resembles naturally occurring testosterone
increease anabolic effect, and decrease androgenic side effects
common: anavar, dianabol, anadrol, finajet
108
anabolic
promote nitrogen retention (protein synthesis in muscle)
109
androgenic
growth development and maintenance of reproductive tissues and masculinization in males
110
side effects of anabolic steroids
liver tumors, heart disease, hypertension, CNS dysfunction, irreversible changes to reproductive and endocrine systems
111
THG
tetrahydrogestrinone
synthetic designer steroid
banned by U.S. Anti-doping agency
may be undetectable on drug tests
112
Androstenedione
used to produce testosterone increases in males, and improve performance in females
banned by IOC, NCAA, NFL, MLB
113
HGH
human growth hormone
produced by soma tropic cells of anterior pituitary
can be made synthetically
114
Drug Testing
NCAA- all athletes sign consent forms
USOC - randomly tests
athletes provide identification and urinate in 2 bottles under direct observation
115
banned substances by NCAA and USOC
anabolic steroids, diuretics, beta blockers, peptide hormones, stimulants (excluding permissed inahlants), caffeine (12 ug/mL for USOC and 15 ug/mL for NCAA), blood doping
116
just banned by USOC
narcotic analgesics, skeletal muscle relaxants, cough/cold decongestants, injectable aesthetics, corticosteroids
117
just banned by NCAA
substances that contain alcohol, stress drugs (heroin and marijuana)
118
tylenol
pain killer, doesn't really affect swelling,
acetaminophen
119
IBprofuen
little pain relief, helps with swelling
type of NSAID, addaprin, blood thinner
120
aleve
neproxin sodium
NSAID
blood thinner
121
blood thinner (NSAID
mobic, motrin, bactrim, ibuprofen,
122
therapeutic level
need at least 24-72 hours of medicine on a cycle to keep levels constant in the blood stream to establish a therapeutic level
123
psychotropic meds
```
riddlin, adderol, antidepressants, anti-anxiety,
sertraline (Zoloft)
fluoxetine (Prozac)
citalopram (Celexa)
escitalopram (Lexapro)
paroxetine (Paxil, Pexeva)
fluvoxamine (Luvox)
trazodone (Oleptro)
```
124
chemical name
specifies the chemical structure
| ex 4-(dimethyl-amino)
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generic name
name assigned to each drug entity
| non-proprietary name
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trade name
```
name associated with company that markets the drug
proprietary name (NyQuil)
```
127
doxycycline
antibiotic
128
generic name vs generic drug
every drug has a generic name, not all are sold as generic brands
129
drugs classified based on
chemical structure, mechanism of action, based on legal action
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beta-adrenergic-agonists
albuterol, salmeterol
these are all drugs that bind to and stimulate beta-adrenergic receptors
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legal classifications
non-prescription, OTC, controlled substances, prescription drugs
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non-prescription
low frequency of adverse effects
no need for periodic monitoring requirements
effective at appropriate OTC dose
133
prescription drugs
potential for adverse effects
requirements for monitoring
drug interactions
can only be used for a short time period
134
controlled substance, scheduled drugs
potential for abuse
restrictions on distribution, storage, and record keeping
five schedules based on the potential for abuse and whether the drug has an accepted medical use
135
controlled substance, schedule 1
high abuse potential
no accepted use in U.S.
Marijuana, LSD, Heroin
medical marijuana is not FDA approved
136
controlled substance, schedule 2
high abuse
accepted medical sue in US
cocaine, amphetamine, morphine, demerol, oxycontin, hydrocodone, ritalin
137
controlled substance, schedule 3
lower abuse potential than schedule 2
accepted medical use in U.S.
ex: anabolic steroids, tylenol #3 (tylenol with codeine)
138
controlled substance, schedule 4
lower abuse potential than schedule 3
accepted medial use
ex: valium, xanax
139
controlled substance, schedule 5
lowest abuse potential
contain small amounts of drug
may be nonprescription in some states
example: cough syrup with codeine
