Chapter 9 - Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma Flashcards
1
Q
Load
A
outside force or forces acting on tissue
2
Q
stress
A
internal reaction or resistance to an external load
3
Q
strain
A
extent of deformation of tissue under loading
4
Q
viscoelastic
A
both viscous and elastic properties, allowing for deformation
5
Q
anisotropic
A
tissue responds with greater or lesser strength depending on load direction
6
Q
yield point
A
elastic limit of tissue
7
Q
mechanical failure
A
elastic limit of tissue is exceeded, causing tissue to break
8
Q
tension
A
pulls or stretches tissue ( strains and sprains)
9
Q
stretching
A
beyond yield point (rupture or fx also sprains, strains, or avulsions)
10
Q
compression
A
fractures and contusions - crushing
11
Q
shearing
A
moves across the parallel organization of tissue
blisters, abrasions, vertebral disk injury
12
Q
bending
A
force on a horizontal beam/bone that places stress within structure, causing it to bend or strain
13
Q
3 point bending
A
compression if force on concave side, tension if force on convex side
14
Q
soft tissue trauma categorized as
A
innert (noncontractile) - skin, joints, ligament, fascia, cartilage, dura mater, nerve roots
or
contractile - muscle, tendon, bony insertion
15
Q
characteristics of muscle fibers
A
contractility, irritability, conductivity, elasticity
16
Q
types of muscle fibers
A
cardiac, smooth, striated
17
Q
muscle encasing
A
endocysium - inner
perimysium
epimysium - outer
18
Q
mysiums conform into..
A
aponeurosis and or tendons
19
Q
tendons and aponeurosis are
A
resilient fascia
20
Q
what are spread into the perimysium?
A
arteries, veins, lymph vessels and nerve fibers
21
Q
capillaries run through
A
endomysium
22
Q
strains
A
stretch, tear, rip in muscle fascia or tendon
caused by abnormal cmuscle contraction
23
Q
Grade 1 strain
A
fibers stretched, some pain with AROM,
painful ROM but still WNL
24
Q
Grade 2 strain
A
several fibers torn
AROM painful
palpable divot
swelling and possible discoloration
25
Grade 3 strain
complete rupture, impairment, pain that quickly subsides
26
Tendon
wavy parallel collagenous fibers organized in bundles surrounded by gelatinous material
double the strength of the muscle it is connected to
27
tendon breaking point
> 6-8% increase in length
28
Muscle spasm
reflex caused by trauma of the musculoskeletal system
29
tonic spasm
rigid muscle contraction that lasts a period of time
30
clonic spasm
alternating involuntary muscular contracion and relaxation in quick succession
31
Muscle soreness
acute and DOMS
32
Muscle stiffness
fluids that collect in muscles during and after exercise are absorbed into blood stream at a slow rate
33
muscle cramps
painful involuntary skeletal contractions;
occurs in when developed people
more likely when the muscle is in shortened position
34
spasiticity
associated with increased tone/contraction because of an upper motor neuron lesion in the brain
35
Myofascial Trigger points
hypersensitive nodule found within a taut band of skeletal muscle and or fascia
latent - no pain unless pressed, may restrict movement
active - pain at rest
tender point - pain only at site of palpation
36
Myositis
inflammation of muscle tissue
37
fascitis
chronic inflammation of fascia that supports and separates muscle
38
tendinitis
graduate onset, diffuse tenderness because of repeated micro traumas, and degenerative changes (swelling, pain)
39
tenosynovitis
inflammation of synovial sheath surrounding a tendon
can be acute or chronic
40
difference between acute vs. chronic tenosynovitis
acute: rapid onset, articular creptitus, diffuse swelling
chronic: tendons become locally thickened, with pain and articular crepitus present during movement
41
ectopic calcification
myositis ossificans
osteoid material that resembles bone accumulating in the muscle
growth may mature into calcified area
42
synarthrotic
immovable
43
ampiarthrotic
slightly movable
44
diarthrotic
freely movable
45
characteristics of diarthrodial or synovial joints
```
capsule
ligaments
synovial membrane
hyaline or articular cartilage
joint space and synovial fluid
```
46
primary factor in ligamentous injuries
viscoelastic tissue properties
constant compression causes deterioration
intermittent compression strengthens
chronic inflammation causes shrinkage of collagen fibers
47
primary protection of joint
dynamic aspect of muscles and tendons
48
Roux's law of function adaptation
an organ will adapt itself structurally to an alternation, quantitative or qualitative, or function
49
hyaluronic acid viscosity tendencies
thickens during slow movement, thins during fast movment
50
hyaline cartilage
articular
nasal septum, larynx, trachea, bronchi, ends of bones
provides static and dynamic stability
no direct blood supply
provides motion control, stability, load transmission
51
fibrous cartilage
vertebral disks, pubic symphysis, menisci of knee
52
elastic cartilage
external ear, eustachian tube
53
ball and socket
all movements
| glenohumeral and hip
54
hinge joint
flexion and ext
| elbow
55
ellipsoidal
elliptical convex head, in a concave socket
wrist
56
saddle
concave head in a convex socket (CMC joint of thumb)
57
pivot joint
rotation about an axix
cervical atlas and axis
end of radius and ulna
58
gliding
slight gliding back and forth and sideways
joints between carpals/tarsals
intervertebral jts
59
what limits joint motion
end points and muscle tension
60
Hilton's law
the joint capsule, the muscles moving in that joint, and the skin overlying the insertion of the muscles have the same nerve supply
61
joint sprain
traumatic joint twist that results in stretching or total tearing of stabilizing connective tissues
62
Grade 1 sprain
some pain, minimum loss of function, little or no swelling, no laxity
63
Grade 2 sprain
pain, moderate loss of function, swelling, slight to moderate instability
64
Grade 3 sprain
extremely painful, loss of function, severe instability, tenderness and swelling
65
S/S of joint sprains
effusion of blood or synovial fluid into cavity, swelling, increase temp and pain, ecchymosis
66
acute synovitis
increase in fluid production and swelling after injury
resolves in a few days
67
subluxation
partial dislocation
68
luxation
complete dislocations, presenting a total disunion of bone apposition
69
diastasis
disjointing of 2 bones parallel to one another
or
rupture of a solid joint (pubic)
70
osteochondrosis
degenerative changes in the ossification centers of the epiphyses of bones
OCDs or apophysistis
71
Osteochondritis dissecans
located in the knee
72
apophysistis
located at tubercle/tuberosity
73
osteoarthritis
degeneration of articular or hyaline cartilage
-repeated trauma
can affect whole body joints
s/s localized pain, pain relieved with rest, stiffness that loosens up with activity, creaky joints
74
Bursitis
overuse of muscles or tendons or external compression
can lead to calcific deposits
75
capsulitis/synovitis
repeated joint injury or with improperly managed joint injury
chronic edema, thickened edema, exudation, crepitus
76
osteocytes
bone cells
77
cancellous bone
porous bone
78
periosteum
outside of bone that contains blood supply
79
flat bones
skull, ribs, scapulae
80
irregular bones
vertebral column and skull
81
short bones
wrist and ankle
82
long bones
humerus, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, phalanges
83
diaphysis
main shaft of long bone
84
epiphysis
located at the ends of long bones
85
medullary cavity
hollow tube in the long bone diaphysis; contains a yellow, fatty marrow
86
endosteum
lines the medullary cavity
87
calcium salts
make bone hard
88
Volkmann's canal
blood circulation connects periosteum with haversian canal
89
periostitis
inflammation of the periosteum (contusion) - skin rigidity over underlying muscles
90
depressed fracture
usually in flat bones,
91
greenstick fracture
incomplete break in bones that have not completely ossified;
92
impacted fracture
fall from a height, force goes up the long axis, immediate splinting
93
longitudinal fracture
bone splits along its length, often result of jumping and stress directs up long axis
94
spiral fracture
S-shaped separation; common in football and skiing
sudden rotation of body with planted foot
95
oblique fracture
occur when one end of the bone receives sudden torsion while other is fixed or stabilized
96
serrated fracture
2 bony fragments have a saw-tooth, sharp-edged fx line;
97
transverse fracture
occur in a straight line at right angles to the bone shaft, caused by direct blow
98
comminuted fracture
more than 3 fragments, hard blow, difficult healing process
99
contrecoup fracture
occur on side opposite to the point at which trauma was initiated; fx of skull
100
blowout fracture
occur to the wall of a bone fragment at an attachment of ligament or tendon. Usually occurs as a result of a sudden, powerful twist or stretch of a body part
101
avulsion fracture
separation of a bone fragment at an attachment of ligament or tendon.
sudden powerful twist or stretch of body part
102
causes of stress fractures
overload
altered stress distribution
change in movement environment
repetitive stress
103
physiology of stress fractures
weight bearing bones undergo bone resorption and become weaker before they become stronger
104
s/s for stress fractures
swelling, focal tenderness, pain,
105
salter haris classificiation
type 1: separation of physis
type 2: separation of growth plate and small part of metaphysics
type 3: fracture of physics
type 4: fx of portion of physics and metaphysis
type 5: crushing force (growth deformity)
106
apolphyses injuries
Sever's disease and Osgood-Schlatter's
107
Neuritis
inflammation of a nerve
108
referred pain
pain that is felt at point of the body other than its origin
109
pathomechanics
poor mechanics of movement
