Chapter 6 - Environmental Conditions

Question 1

Hyperthermia

Answer 1

elevated body temperature

Question 2

metabolic heat production

Answer 2

normal metabolic function causes production and radiation of heat; level of increasing body heat depends on intensity of physical activity

Question 3

conductive heat exchange

Answer 3

physical contact with other objects can result in a heat gain or loss

Question 4

convective heat exchange

Answer 4

heat loss or gain depending on temperature of circulating medium

Question 5

radiant heat exchange

Answer 5

from sunshine

Question 6

evaporative heat loss

Answer 6

water is transported to surface via sweat glands, where it evaporates, taking large quantities of heat with it

Question 7

when is evaporative heat loss impaired?

Answer 7

when humidity reaches 65%. It is impossible at 75%.

Question 8

normal sweat rate

Answer 8

1 quart/hour for 2 hours (varies per person and situation)

Question 9

what is the heat index

Answer 9

temperature do to heat/humidity/ and sunshine

Question 10

WBGT

Answer 10

wet bulb globe thermometer

dry bulb: recorded from standard mercury thermometer

wet bulb: uses wet wick or piece of gauze wrapped around end of thermometer that is swung around in the air

globe temperature: measures the sun’s radiation and has a black metal casing around the end of a thermometer

Question 11

psychrometer

Answer 11

consists of 2 thermometers - dry and wet - where the cloth is soaked and thermometers are properly ventilated, WBT

Question 12

heat rash

Answer 12

red, raised rash with sensations of prickling and tingling during sweating

occurs where skin is wet

localized to areas covered by clothing

drying off can help prevent rash

Question 13

heat syncope

Answer 13

rapid physical fatigue during overexposure to heat

peripheral vasodilation of superficial vessels, hypotension, or pooling of blood in extremities, results in dizziness, waiting, and nausea

Question 14

tx for heat syncope

Answer 14

lay athlete down in coo environment, replace fluids

Question 15

heat cramps

Answer 15

muscle spasms (calf & abdomen) related to excessive water and electrolyte loss (mostly sodium)

common in those who are not acclimatized

prevent with adequate hydration

Question 16

tx for heat cramp

Answer 16

ingestion of large quantities of fluid, milk prolonged stretching with ice massage

Question 17

exertional heat exhaustion

Answer 17

occurs from environmental heat stress and strenuous physical exercise

athlete is dehydrated and is unable to sustain adequate cardiac output

mild hyperthermia

Question 18

tx for exertional heat exhaustion

Answer 18

remove form activity, remove clothing, lie down with legs elected, cooling efforts, rehydrate or IV, monitor heart rate, BP, and core temperature

Question 19

exertional heatstroke

Answer 19

characterized by CNS abnormalities and potential tissue damage resulting from significantly elevated body temp

can result in death

thermoregulatory mechanism breaks down due to high body temp and inability to dissipate heat

sudden collapse with CNS dysfunction (seizures, confusion, emotional, irrational behavior, decreased mental activity)

rectal temp greater than 104

flushed hot skin, sweating on 75% of the time, shallow fast breathing, rapid/strong pulse, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, weakness, decreased BP and dehydration

Question 20

tx for heatstroke

Answer 20

whole body cooling, remove clothing, immerse in cool water bath, lower temp to 101, call EMS

Question 21

malignant hyperthermia

Answer 21

genetically inherited muscular disorder causing hypersensitivity to anesthesia and extreme exercise in hot environments

muscle temperature increases before core temp - causes symptoms similar to heat stroke

complains of muscle pain, rectal temp above 101 for a bit after exercise

should not exercise in heat/humidity

Question 22

acute exertional rhabdomyolysis

Answer 22

sudden catabolic destruction and degeneration of skeletal muscle accompanied by leakage of myoglobin and muscle enzymes into the vascular system

occurs in hot humid environments in health ppl

grdual onset of muscle weakness, swelling, pain, dark urine, renal dysfunction,

could cause death

Question 23

exertional hyponatremia

Answer 23

involving a fluid/electrolyte disorder that results in an abnormally low concentration of sodium in the blood

caused by hyper hydration or lack of sodium in the diet.

worsening headache, nausea, vomiting, swelling of hands and feet, lethargy, apathy or agitation, low blood sodium (

Question 24

dehydration defined as

Answer 24

loss of 2% or more of body weight

Question 25

CHO to water ratio for quickest fluid absorption

Answer 25

14 g CHO/8 oz of water

Question 26

why is water a poor dehydrator for athletes?

Answer 26

turns off thirst mechanism turns on kidneys prematurely fluid loss in urine is quicker than when drinking sports drink

Question 27

individuals susceptible to heat illness

Answer 27

``` large muscle mass overweight males over females poor fitness levels, history of heat illness febrile condition ```

Question 28

hypothermia

Answer 28

cold conditions - not enough layers damp or wet conditoins 50% heat loss through head and neck 20% heat loss is through evaporation (skin and respiration)

Question 29

shivering ceases at what temp

Question 30

what core temp implies death is imminent

Answer 30

>107, 77-85 degrees farenheit

Question 31

for sport in temp below 32 degrees: how should the athlete dress

Answer 31

a layer of protective clothing added for every 5 mph of wind

Question 32

frost nip

Answer 32

commonly occurs when there is a high wind, severe cold, or both. affects ears, nose, cheeks, chin, fingers and toes skin is firm and cold painless areas that may peel/blister

Question 33

tx for frost nip

Answer 33

sustained pressure no rubbing blowing hot breath place fingers in armpits

Question 34

frost bite types

Answer 34

chillblains, superficial frostbite, deep frostbite

Question 35

chill blains

Answer 35

prolonged and constant exposure to cold for many hours. redness, tingling, swelling, and pain in toes and fingers usually causes by peripheral circulation issues

Question 36

superficial frostbite

Answer 36

only the skin and subQ tissue. skin is pale, hard, cold, and waxy. underlying deeper tissues will yield to pressure.

Question 37

deep frostbite

Answer 37

deep tissues frozen, medical emergency requires rapid rewarming injury can become gangrenous

Question 38

increased altitude can cause

Answer 38

decreased oxygen uptake 4-7% decrease in performance hyperventilation fewer saturated RBC available

Question 39

acute mountain sickness

Answer 39

headache, nausea, vomiting, sleep disturbance, dyspnea (unpleasant breathing) for 3 days tissue disruption in the brain that affects Na/K+ balance (excess fluid retention in cells)

Question 40

pulmonary edema

Answer 40

lungs accumulate a small amount of fluid with in alveolar walls dyspnea, cough, headache, weakness, unconsciousness

Question 41

pulmonary edema tx

Answer 41

move to lower altitude ASAP, give oxygen

Question 42

sickle-cell trait and altitude

Answer 42

abnormality of RBC and Hb content cells clump when abnormal Hb become deoxygenated can cause enlarged spleen, may rupture

Question 43

SPF of 6 means

Answer 43

can be exposed to UV light 6x longer than w/o sunscreen before the skin will turn red

Question 44

flash to bang method

Answer 44

count # seconds between lightning and thunder and divide by 5

Question 45

see it - flea it

Answer 45

see it, must allow 30 min pass free of lightning before returning to play. 30 min restarts at every proceeding strike

Question 46

Photochemical haze

Answer 46

nitrogen dioxide and stagnant air that are acted on by sunlight to produce ozone

Question 47

ozone affects?

Answer 47

increased work output. SOB, coughing, chest tightness, pain during deep breathing, nausea, eye irritation, fatigue, lung irritation, an lowered resistance to lung infection asthmatics are at greater risk

Question 48

smog

Answer 48

produced by combination of carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide

Question 49

circadian dysrhythmia

Answer 49

jet lag - desynchronization of the athlete's biological and biophysical time clock

Question 50

circadian rhythm

Answer 50

cyclical mechanisms follow a pattern and adapt at varying rates to time change

Question 51

adapt to jet lag faster flying...

Answer 51

westard

Question 52

avoid jet lag

Answer 52

hydrate, go bed and wake up an hour earlier,

Question 53

symptoms of jet lag

Answer 53

fatigue, headache, problems with digestion, changes in BP, heart rate, hormonal release, endocrine secretions, and bowel habits

Question 54

turf vs grass

Answer 54

it is believed more injuries occur on turf as turf may lose its absorbent shock abilities with age. no scientific evidence resilient infill turn made of polyethylene and polypropylene yarns that sit on base of sand or rubber pellets or both