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A & P II > Chapter 17- The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 17- The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

The heart
Blood vessels
Blood

The heart pumps blood into the blood vessels

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2
Q

What is the apex of the heart?

A

Bottom cone-shape part of the heart that points toward the left hip

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3
Q

What is the base of the heart?

A

The flattened, posterior side of the heart. All of the major vessels of the heart exit from here

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4
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Right and left atrium

Right and left ventricle

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5
Q

Veins

A

Vessels which bring blood back to the heart

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6
Q

Arteries

A

Cells which carry blood from the ventricles away from the heart

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7
Q

Why is the right side of the heart sometimes called the pulmonary pump?

A

Because it pumps blood through the pulmonary arteries out to the pulmonary capillaries in the lungs

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8
Q

Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?

A

Alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

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9
Q

Why is the left side of the heart often called the systemic pump?

A

It pumps oxygenated blood throughout the rest of the trunk and extremities

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10
Q

Which circuit in the heart operates at lower pressure? Why?

A

Pulmonary

Only has to pump to the lungs

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11
Q

Which circuit in the heart operates at higher pressure? Why?

A

Systemic

Has to pump blood to the entire body

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12
Q

What hormone is produced by the heart? How does it lower BP?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Lowers the amount of sodium in the kidneys to less water is retained

Electrolyte homeostasis

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13
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Membranous structure surrounding the heart composed of the : fibrous (thicker) and serous (thinner) pericardium

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14
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

Aka epicardium

Most superficial layer of the heart wall

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15
Q

Myocardium

A

Deep to the visceral pericardium

2 components: cardiac muscle tissue and the fibrous skeleton made of dense irregular collagen

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16
Q

Functions of fibrous skeleton

A

Gives the cardiac muscle cells something to hold on to

Provide structural support

Acts as an insulator for the hearts electrical activity

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17
Q

Endocardium

A

Deepest layer of the heart wall, lines the lumen of the heart

Composed of endothelium

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18
Q

What are the great vessels?

A

Superior/inferior vena cava

Pulmonary trunk

Aorta

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19
Q

Two veins that drain most of the systemic circuit into the right atrium

A

Superior/inferior vena cava

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20
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle

Splits into the right/left pulmonary arteries

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21
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

2 from each lung

Drain oxygenated blood into the left atrium

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22
Q

Aorta

A

Supplies the entire systemic circuit with oxygenated blood

Receives blood ejected by the left ventricle

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23
Q

What is the function of the auricles?

A

They expand to give the atria more room to hold blood

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24
Q

What separates the two atria?

A

Interatrial septum

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25
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

An indentation in the interatrial septum that used to be the foremen ovale

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26
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

Hole in the interatrial septum in fetal hearts to allow blood to bypass the lungs

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27
Q

What do we call the ridged surface created by irregular cardiac muscle inside the ventricles?

A

Trebeculae carnea

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28
Q

Papillary muscles

A

Finger-like projections of muscle in the ventricles that attach by the chordae tendineae to the valves between the atria and ventricles

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29
Q

What separates the right and left ventricles?

A

Interventricular septum

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30
Q

Atrioventricular valves aka AV valves

A

Prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria

The two valves consist of cusps. Each valve named for how many cusps it has : bicuspid and tricuspid

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31
Q

Valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

32
Q

Valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle

A

Bicuspid

33
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles

They are named for the artery in which they reside: pulmonary valve, aortic valve

34
Q

Coronary circulation

A

Necessary because the walls of the heart are too thick for oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from inside the chambers.

So the heart has its own set of coronary arteries to supply it with the nutrients it needs

35
Q

Two branches that arise from the ascending aorta

A

Right and left coronary arteries

Left coronary splits and becomes the anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex

36
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Most of the hearts veins empty into the skin which drains to the right atrium

Receives blood from 3 major veins: great cardiac, small cardiac, middle cardiac

37
Q

Pacemaker cells

A

Cardiac muscle cells that rhythmically and spontaneously generate action potentials that trigger contractile cells

Reside in the atria

38
Q

Autorhythmicity

A

When cells set their own rhythm without a need for input from the nervous system

39
Q

Cardiac conduction system

A

Three populations of cells in the heart capable of spontaneously generating action potentials and setting the pace of the heart

SA node
AV node
Purkinje fibers

40
Q

Phases of a pacemaker action potential

A
  • slow initial depolarization phase
  • full depolarization phase
  • repolarization phase
  • minimum potential phase
41
Q

Pacemaker slow initial depolarization phase

A

Membrane is hyperpolarized allowing sodium in and potassium out resulting in slow depolarization

42
Q

Pacemaker full depolarization phase

A

Calcium ion channels open and calcium rushes in resulting in a rapid and complete depolarization

43
Q

Pacemaker repolarization phase

A

Calcium channels begin to close and potassium channels begin to open causing the cell to repolarize

44
Q

Pacemaker minimum potential phase

A

Potassium channels stay open until the membrane reaches its minimum potential. The membrane will then be hyperpolarized and the cycle begins again

45
Q

Phases of contractile cell action potentials

A
  • rapid depolarization phase
  • initial repolarization phase
  • plateau phase
  • repolarization phase
46
Q

Contractile cell rapid depolarization phase

A

Sodium channels open and sodium rushes in rapidly depolarizing the membrane

47
Q

Contractile cell initial repolarization phase

A

Sodium channels shut down, some potassium channels open and some potassium leaks out causing slight repolarization

48
Q

Contractile cell plateau phase

A

Calcium channels open and calcium enters as potassium exits simultaneously causing a plateau and prolonging depolarization

49
Q

Contractile cell repolarization phase

A

Sodium and calcium channels close and potassium continues to exit the cell causing repolarization

50
Q

Where is the Sinoatrial node(SA) and what does it do?

A

Upper right atrium. Causes the atria to contract

51
Q

Where is the Atrioventricular node (AV) and what does it do?

A

Located behind the tricuspid valve it is slower than the SA node and causes the ventricles to contract

52
Q

Purkinje fiber system

A

Slowest group of pacemaker cells

Composed of AV bundle, right/left bundle branches, terminal branches

53
Q

Sinus rhythms

A

Electrical rhythms generated and maintained by the SA node

54
Q

What is AV node delay?

A

Slow conduction of impulses as a result of a low number of gap junctions between cells and the presence of the non-conducting fibrous skeleton

55
Q

What does an electrocardiogram measure?

A

Electrical activity occurring in all cardiac muscle cells over a period of time

Shown as waves: P wave, QES complex, T wave

Periods between waves represent phases of action potentials and denoted as intervals: R-R, P-R, Q-T. One segment to note: S-T

56
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depolarization

57
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarization

58
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

59
Q

R-R interval

A

Entire duration of a cardiac action potential

60
Q

Q-T interval

A

Entire duration of a ventricular action potential

61
Q

S-T segment

A

Ventricular plateau phase

62
Q

P-R interval

A

Duration of atrial depolarization and AV node delay

63
Q

Events in cardiac cycle

A

Ventricular filling phase
Isovolumetric contraction phase
Ventricular ejection phase
Isovolumetric relaxation phase

64
Q

Ventricular filling phase

A

When blood drains from the atria into the ventricles.

Semilunar valves are closed preventing backflow from pulmonary trunk and aorta.

AV valves are open due to high atrial pressure pushing blood down its pressure gradient.

80% of blood drains passively from atria to ventricles while in diastole but then the final 20% gets ejected to ventricles during atrial systole

65
Q

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

A

Ventricular volume at the end of ventricular diastole (once atria have empties into ventricles)

Increases when the ventricles spend more time in diastole

66
Q

Isovolumetric contraction phase

A

Ventricular systole occurs. High pressure closes the AV valves but pressure not high enough to open semilunar valves yet

67
Q

Ventricular ejection phase

A

Pressure in the ventricles becomes higher than that in the pulmonary trunk and aorta and pushes semilunar valves open

Ejection of blood starts rapidly but then decreases until only 70ml of blood have been pumped, leaving 50ml remaining

68
Q

End systolic volume (ESV)

A

Blood left in ventricles after ejection, about 50ml

69
Q

Isovolumetric relaxation phase

A

Occurs as ventricular diastole begins and pressure drops.

Semilunar valves shut

Pressure is lower but still higher than in the atria so the AV valves remain closed

Blood is either entering or exiting the ventricles

70
Q

What causes the heart sounds? What are they called?

A

Heart sounds are caused by the sound of valves snapping shut

S1 is when the AV valves close during the isovolumetric contraction phase

S2 is when the SL valves close during the isovolumetric relaxation phase

71
Q

Cardiac output

A

The amount of blood pumped into the pulmonary and systemic circuits in 1 minute

Also determined by the amount of blood pumped in one heartbeat (stroke volume)

72
Q

Preload

A

The amount that the ventricles can stretch before they contract

Largely determined by the EDV (amount of blood in ventricles at end of filling phase)

73
Q

Venous return

A

Amount of blood returning to the right atrium from the systemic circuit

74
Q

Frank Starling Law

A

The more the ventricular muscles are stretched, the more forceful the contraction will be

Important during exercise when cardiac output must increase to meet the body’s needs

75
Q

Contractility

A

Pumping ability/ability to generate tension

Increasing contractility increases SV and decrease ESV

Decreasing contractility decreases SV and increases ESV

76
Q

Afterload

A

The force the the right and left ventricles must overcome in order to eject blood to their arteries

Determined by blood pressure

Increase in afterload generally decreases SV, rise in ESV

Decrease in afterload increases SV, lower ESV

77
Q

What are chronotropic agents?

A

Factors that influence the rate at which the SA node depolarizes

Positive agents

  • sympathetic nervous system
  • hormones
  • elevated body temp

Negative agents

  • parasympathetic NS
  • decreases body temp

A & P II (15 decks)

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