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A & P II > Exam 2 Chapters 18,20&21 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Chapters 18,20&21 Flashcards

1
Q

Antibodies are made up of what type of molecule?

A

Proteins

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2
Q

What are the defenses we are born with such as skin a part of?

A

Innate immune system

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3
Q

What type of defenses do newborns have?

A

Only innate defenses

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4
Q

Which vessels have valves?

A

Lymph vessels and veins

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5
Q

What does prior exposure to an antigen create that helps speed the secondary response?

A

Memory cells

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6
Q

How do we define immunity?

A

The ability to resist disease

Processes that protect the body from cellular injury and disease-causing cells and substances

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7
Q

Methods of defense against pathogens

A

Opsonization
Secreting cytokines
Engulfing them
Secreting membrane attack complex proteins

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8
Q

Process that happens when large numbers of antibodies and antigens make large complexes

A

Agglutination

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9
Q

What does HIV infect?

A

CD 4 T cells

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10
Q

Is fever beneficial to the body? What does it do to pathogens?

A

Yes it can

Pathogens can be inhibited

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11
Q

What part of the body does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

The right side of the trunk and the head and the right arm

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12
Q

What can rheumatoid arthritis be caused by?

A

Malfunctioning suppressor T cells

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13
Q

What do B cells divide to make once they are sensitized by helper T cells?

A

Plasma cells

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14
Q

What are the 4 properties of immunity?

A

Memory
Specificity
Tolerance
Versatility

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15
Q

Signs of inflammation

A 
Redness
Swelling
Heat
Pain
Fever
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16
Q

Type of cell that tracks, captures and engulfs foreign invaders like bacteria

A

Phagocyte

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17
Q

System that is mostly concerned with defending the body against foreign invaders

A

Lymphatic system

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18
Q

What type of cells do APCs directly activate?

A

T cells

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19
Q

What do we call a life threatening allergic reaction that causes respiratory passages to constrict and vessels to dilate?

A

Anaphylaxis

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20
Q

What does the variable segment of an antibody recognize and bind to?

A

The epitome of an antigen

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21
Q

Where does the pulmonary circuit send blood to?

A

The lungs

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22
Q

What do we call abnormally high blood pressure?

A

Hypertension

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23
Q

Which vessel has the thickest walls?

A

Arteries

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24
Q

Structures found only in veins and not arteries

A

Valves

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25
Q

The body’s smallest vessels function as a network called:

A

Capillary beds

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26
Q

Where is the majority of our blood contained?

A

Veins and venules

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27
Q

Ways used to increase blood flow

A

Low oxygen concentration
Vasodilation
Release of hormones like angiotensin

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28
Q

Two structures that divert blood away from the non-functional fetal lungs

A

Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus

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29
Q

How does oxygenated blood move into the tissues?

A

Diffusion

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30
Q

In lung tissue, when oxygen is low, blood flow to that tissue is:

A

Reduced

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31
Q

What helps blood flow from the inferior vena cava into the right atrium?

A

Valves
Breathing
Moving skeletal muscles

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32
Q

What type of capillaries would be in the blood-brain barrier?

A

Continuous

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33
Q

What happens if blood volume declines?

A

Fluid is recovered from the tissues by increased reabsorption

34
Q

Blood vessels that allow exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid

A

Capillaries

35
Q

How is fluid drawn in during capillary exchange?

A

Osmosis

36
Q

Order of capillaries from leakiest to least leaky

A

Sinusoid
Fenestrated
Continuous

37
Q

What is blood flow into capillary beds regulated by?

A

Precapillary sphincters
Vasomotion
The needs of the tissue that capillary bed supplies

38
Q

Quality of the aorta that contributes to both coronary circulation and keeping blood flow continuous

A

Elastic rebound

39
Q

How does losing weight reduce blood pressure?

A

More fat requires more blood vessels. Reducing the overall length of vessels reduces the resistance

40
Q

Why are vein walls thinner than arteries?

A

Blood pressure is lower in veins

41
Q

What has a great effect on vascular resistance?

A

Vessel diameter

42
Q

A tunica media with more elastic fibers and smooth muscle describes an :

A

Artery

43
Q

Blood vessels that allow exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid

A

Capillaries

44
Q

What causes precapillary sphincters to relax, increasing blood flow to the capillary bed

A

A drop in oxygen

45
Q

Chemoreceptors that are sensitive to the pH of the blood are found in:

A

Both the carotid bodies and aortic bodies

46
Q

Structure that allows deoxygenated blood to flow to the placenta

A

Umbilical artery

47
Q

What does the immune system do? What is it composed of?

A

Works to defend the body against internal/external threats

Consists only of cells and proteins located in the blood and tissues of other systems like the lymphatic— leukocytes and immune proteins located in the plasma

48
Q

What is the lymphatic system? What does it consist of?

A

Group of organs and tissues that work with the immune system and participate in a number of functions

Consists of lymphatic vessels and tissues

49
Q

What are lymphatic vessels?

A

System of blind-ended tubes

50
Q

What is lymphatic tissue/organs?

A

Clusters of lymphoid follicles like tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen and thymus

51
Q

What would an increase in interferons indicate?

A

A viral infection

52
Q

What part of an antigen does the variable segment of an antibody bind to?

A

The epitope

53
Q

What will allow T cells to become activated when encountering APCs?

A

A second site on the T cell is co-stimulated

54
Q

Of the following, which is not a lymphocyte?

Macrophage
T helper cell
NK cell
B cell

A

Macrophage

55
Q

What is the main muscle used in breathing?

A

Diaphragm

56
Q

Double layered membrane that attaches the lungs to the thoracic cavity wall

A

Pleural membranes

57
Q

Is inhalation active or passive? Exhalation?

A

Inhalation is active, exhalation can be either active or passive

58
Q

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

A

By binding to hemoglobin

59
Q

Does all air exit the lungs during normal, quiet breathing exhalation?

A

No

60
Q

Of the following, which is not part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

Trachea
Bronchus
Larynx
Alveolus

A

Alveolus

61
Q

Where is the laryngeal prominence, a structure on the thyroid cartilage, enlarged?

A

In men

62
Q

Where are vocal folds found?

A

Larynx

63
Q

What do we call the air that is moved into the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

A

Anatomic dead space

64
Q

Is the amount of air that reaches the respiratory portion of the lungs more or less than the tidal volume?

A

Less

65
Q

Cells and tissues contained in respiratory mucosa

A

Simple squamous epithelia
Pseudo-stratified ciliated epithelia
Stratified squamous epithelia
Mucous producing cells

66
Q

How is the majority of carbon dioxide in blood transported?

A

As carbonic acid

67
Q

What type of pressure is only slightly less than atmospheric pressure during normal breathing but can increase dramatically when oxygen needs increase?

A

Intrapulmonary pressure

68
Q

Basics of Boyle’s Law

A

Inversely proportional

As pressure increases, volume decreases

69
Q

What does expanding the size of your thoracic cavity do?

A

Reduces the pressure, drawing air into the lungs

70
Q

What is the 3D shape of hemoglobin affected by?

A

Number of oxygens bound to hemoglobin

Temperature

pH

71
Q

What are mucous-producing cells a part of?

A

The respiratory defense system

72
Q

What type of hemoglobin has the strongest pull on oxygen?

A

Fetal

73
Q

Which is always greater, intrapleural pressure or intrapulmonary pressure?

A

Intrapulmonary pressure

74
Q

What are some parts of external respiration?

A

Movement of air into and out of the lungs

Exchange of gases from the lungs to the blood

Movement of gases within the blood

75
Q

What does the trachea branch into?

A

Left and right bronchi

76
Q

Where is neural control of breathing found?

A

Medulla oblongata and pons

77
Q

What are some reasons gas exchange at the respiratory membrane is so efficient?

A

Very large surface are

The gases are lipid soluble

Simple squamous epithelia joins to the one-cell thick capillary making a thin barrier

78
Q

Of the following, which does the respiratory system include?

Lymphocytes
Mucous producing cells
Flagella
Inflammation

A

Mucous producing cells

79
Q

What structure is used by both the respiratory and digestive systems?

A

Pharynx

80
Q

What is the hyaline cartilage structure that blocks the entrance to the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea?

A

Epiglottis

81
Q

Which law tells us that the amount of CO2 in our blood is determined by its partial pressure?

A

Dalton’s law

A & P II (15 decks)

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