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A & P II > Chapter 21- Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 21- Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the anatomy of the respiratory system?

A

blood vessels of the pulmonary circuit
rib cage and respiratory muscles
both lungs and the respiratory tract

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2
Q

What are the hollow passages that the respiratory tract consists of?

A 
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial Tree (bronchi, bronchioles)
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3
Q

What is included in the upper respiratory tract?

A

passageways from the nasal cavity to the larynx

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4
Q

What is included in the lower respiratory tract?

A

Passageways from the trachea to the respiratory tracts terminal structures– the alveoli

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5
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs arranged in grape-like clusters where gases are exchanged

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6
Q

Describe the conducting zone

A

Conduits through which air travels on its way in and out of the body as it is inhaled and exhaled

Nose and nasal cavity through the bronchioles

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7
Q

Describe the respiratory zone

A

Where gases are exchanged

structures that contain alveoli

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8
Q

What is respiration?

A

Process that provides the body’s cells with oxygen and removes CO2

4 separate processes

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9
Q

What are the 4 processes of respiration?

A

Pulmonary ventilation
Pulmonary gas exchange
Gas transport in the blood
Tissue gas exchange

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10
Q

Functions besides respiration that the respiratory system is involved with to maintain homeostasis

A

Speech
Detecting odors
Helping to expel contents of the abdominopelvic cavity
Assisting in flow of venous blood and lymph in the abdomen
Maintaining acid base homeostasis
Assisting in production of angiotensin II for maintenance of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis

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11
Q

Summarize the functions of the nose and nasal cavity as the entryway to the respiratory system

A

Warm and humidify inhaled air
Filter out debris from inhaled air
House olfactory receptors
Enhance the resonance of the voice

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12
Q

What is the area just inside the nostril that contains bristle-like hairs?

A

The vestibule

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13
Q

What are the bones that fill out the space in the nasal cavity? What are the passages they curl around?

A

Superior and middle and inferior conchae

Curl around the: Superior, middle and inferior nasal meatuses

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14
Q

What do we call the hollow cavities found within the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillary bones?

A

Paranasal sinuses

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15
Q

What type of tissue is the vestibule lined with?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium– which resists mechanical stress

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16
Q

Beyond the vestibule the epithelium changes from stratified squamous to:

A

Olfactory mucosa
and
Respiratory mucosa

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17
Q

What type of cells is the rest of the nasal cavity lined with?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium and goblet cells

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18
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

glands that secrete mucous

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19
Q

Common name for the pharynx

A

Throat

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20
Q

Common name for the larynx

A

voice box

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21
Q

What are the three anatomical divisions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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22
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Keeps food and liquid out of the respiratory tract

Houses vocal cords involved in sound production

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23
Q

Common name for the trachea

A

windpipe

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24
Q

What is the shape of the cartilage rings of the trachea, what are they made of?

A

C-shaped and make of hyaline cartilage

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25
Q

What is the name of the last tracheal cartilage ring before the trachea splits to the bronchi?

A

Carina

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26
Q

Where do the bronchi enter the lungs?

A

At the hilum

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27
Q

What do the primary bronchi branch into?

A

Secondary bronchi

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28
Q

What do the secondary bronchi branch into?

A

10 smaller tertiary bronchi

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29
Q

After the primary bronchi, what happens to the cartilage rings?

A

Changes from c-shaped to complete rings

Amount of smooth muscle also increases

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30
Q

What are bronchioles and what are they made of?

A

Smallest airways in the bronchial tree

Made of simple cuboidal epithelium

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31
Q

How many alveolar ducts do each respiratory bronchiole branch into?

A

Two or more

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32
Q

3 types of cells in alveolus

A

Type I alveolar cells
Type II alveolar cells
Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

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33
Q

Structure and function of Type I alveolar cells

A

Squamous cells- make up 90% of alveolar wall

Very thin, permitting rapid exchange of gases across plasma membrane

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34
Q

Structure and function of Type II alveolar cells

A

Small cuboidal cells- 10% of alveolar wall

Contain surfactant which helps reduce surface tension on the alveoli

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35
Q

Structure and function of alveolar macrophages

A

Phagocytes from bone marrow.

Move around alveoli cleaning up debris not filtered in bronchial tree

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36
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

three

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37
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

Two

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38
Q

What are the lobes of the lungs further divided into?

A

Broncopulmonary segments

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39
Q

What are bronchopulmonary segments further divided into?

A

hexagonal structures called lobules

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40
Q

What vessels are responsible for supplying the tissues of the lung with blood and nutrients?

A

Bronchial arteries

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41
Q

What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the lungs and attaches to the rib cage and diaphragm?

A

Parietal pleura

42
Q

What does the parietal pleura become when it folds over on itself at the hilum?

A

Visceral pleura

43
Q

What is the function of pleural fluid and where does it come from?

A

Secreted by the pleural membranes

Lubricates the lungs as they expand and contract, reducing friction

44
Q

Pulmonary ventilation is the first process of respiration. What are the two phases it consists of?

A

Inspiration (inhalation)

Expiration (exhalation)

45
Q

What is required to move gas molecules in the body during pulmonary ventilation when additional energy is not used?

A

Gradients

46
Q

Describe Boyle’s law

A

When temp and # of molecules are constant, pressure and volume of gas are inversely related

As volume of container increases, pressure gas exerts on its container decreases

47
Q

How are pressure gradients created?

A

volume changes in the thoracic cavity

48
Q

Since lungs cannot change volume on their own, what do they rely on to do it for them? What are two types?

A

Inspiratory muscles

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

49
Q

What are the three pressures at work during ventilation?

A

Atmospheric
Intrapulmonary
Intrapleural

50
Q

What are the three primary physical factors of the respiratory tracts and lungs that influence overall effectiveness of pulmonary ventilation?

A

Airway resistance
Alveolar surface tension
Pulmonary compliance

51
Q

Instrument that produces a graph that records normal inhalation and exhalation

A

Spirometer

52
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The amount of air inspired or expired during normal quiet ventilation– 500 ml in a normal adult

53
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal tidal volume inspiration

IRV averages 2100-3300 ml of air

54
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Opposite of IRV, the amount of air that can be forcibly expired after normal tidal volume expiration

ERV averages 700-1200ml air

55
Q

What is residual volume?

A

air remaining in the lungs after even the most forceful expiration

56
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity?

A

total volume of air that a person can inspire after a tidal volume
TV+IRV=inspiratory capacity

57
Q

What is the functional residual capacity?

A

Amount of air normally left in the lungs after tidal expiration
ERV+RV=functional residual volume

58
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

total amount of exchangeable air or the amount of air that can move in and out of the lungs
TV+IRV+ERV=vital capacity

59
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

Sum of all 4 pulmonary volumes– represents the total amount of exchangeable and nonexchangeable air in the lungs
IRV+TV+ERV+RV=TLC

60
Q

What happens during pulmonary gas exchange?

A

Exchange of gases between the alveoli and blood

61
Q

What happens during tissue gas exchange?

A

Exchange of gases between the blood in systemic capillaries and the body’s cells

62
Q

Describe Dalton’s Law of partial pressures

A

Each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure (partial pressure). So the total pressure of a gas mixture is a sum of the partial pressures of its gases

63
Q

Discuss Henry’s law

A

Degree to which a gas dissolves in a liquid is proportionate to both its partial pressure and its solubility in the liquid

64
Q

What is the PO2 of blood in the capillaries and alveoli air?

A

40mmHg and 104 mmHg

Favors diffusion of O2 INTO the blood

65
Q

What is the PCO2 in the capillaries and alveoli air?

A

45 mmHg and 40 mmHg

Not as high as PO2 but is aided by CO2’s high solubility in water

66
Q

What is the surface area of the respiratory membrane? Quantity of blood in pulmonary capillaries?

A

1000 square feet

75-100 ml

67
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

Low level of oxygen in the blood

68
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

High level of CO2 in the blood

69
Q

What is the “thickness” of the respiratory membrane?

A

The distance a gas must diffuse

70
Q

What is ventilation-perfusion matching?

A

Coupling
Degree of match between the amount of air reaching the alveoli (ventilation) and the amount of blood flow (perfusion), in the pulmonary capillaries

71
Q

What is tissue gas exchange?

A

The exchange of oxygen and CO2 between the blood and tissues.

72
Q

Factors that affect efficiency of tissue gas exchange

A

Surface area availability
Distance for diffusion
Perfusion of the tissue

73
Q

How is oxygen transported through the blood?

A

Hemoglobin

74
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

Protein found in erythrocytes consisting of 4 subunits, each containing a heme group.

Each heme group contains one iron atom that can bind to one molecule of oxygen– so each hemoglobin can carry 4 oxygen molecules

75
Q

How does hemoglobin bind and release oxygen?

A

Loading and unloading

76
Q

What happens during loading?

A

Oxygen fromalveolibinds to hemoglobin in the pulmonary capillaries which converts deoxyhemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin

77
Q

What does it mean when Hb is partially saturated?

A

It only has 1-3 molecules O2 bound to it

78
Q

What does it mean when Hb is fully saturated?

A

It has 4 molecules O2 bound to it

79
Q

What happens during unloading?

A

Hb in the systemic capillaries releases O2 to the cells of the tissues

80
Q

What two factors does Hb’s ability to load or unload O2 depend on?

A

Percent O2 saturation of Hb

Blood PO2

81
Q

What are the three ways CO2 is transported from the tissues back to the lungs?

A

Dissolved in plasma
Bound to Hb as carbaminohemoglobin
As bicarbonate ions

82
Q

What is the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?

A

Homeostatic mechanism involving the balance of carbonic acid, bicarbonate ion and CO2 to maintain pH in the blood

83
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

Situation where the rate and/or depth of breathing increases.
Increases the amount of CO2 expired from the lungs which decreases PCO2 in the blood
Less carbonic acid is formed, less H+ formed and pH of blood increases and becomes more basic.
More oxygen may be dissolved in the blood

84
Q

What is hypoventilation?

A

Rate and/or depth of breathing decreases.
Causes retention of CO2 and an increase in PCO2.
Carbonic acid is formed leading to more H+ formation and blood becomes more acidic.
Oxygen levels drop leading to hypoxemia.

85
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis?

A

Can occur if hypoventilation continues, where hypocapnia (relative lack of CO2) results in blood pH increase

86
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A

Can occur if hypoventilation continues, where hypercapnia, as increase in CO2 level, causes blood pH to decrease

87
Q

What is Dyspnea?

A

Feeling of shortness of breath

88
Q

What is eupnea?

A

Normal breathing

89
Q

What is the part of the brainstem that controls ventilation?

A

Medulla oblongata and pons

90
Q

What is the respiratory rhythm generator (RRG)?

A

Group of neurons that creates the basic rhythm for breathing, found within the superior, anterior medulla

91
Q

What is the ventral respiratory group (VRG)?

A

Contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons. Sends impulses to the spinal cord and eventually trigger action potentials in the phrenic nerve

92
Q

What is the phrenic nerve?

A

Innervates the diaphragm and intercostals nerves that innervate the external intercostal muscles

93
Q

What is the dorsal respiratory group (DRG)?

A

Primarily involved in integrating sensory info

Sends impulses along the same pathways as the VRG

94
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Specialized cells that respond to changes in the concentration of a specific chemical

95
Q

Function of central chemoreceptors

A

initiate a feedback loop cycle by detecting changes in both CO2 and H+ concentrations by monitoring H+ levels in the cerebrospinal fluid

96
Q

What are peripheral chemoreceptors and where are they found?

A

Specialized group of cells that detect PCO2 and H+ concentration. When arterial PCO2 falls below 70mmHg (100 is normal), these receptors send signals to the DRG along the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

Found in the carotid arteries and aorta

97
Q

What is the response of the DRG when PCO2 falls below 70mmHg?

A

Rate and depth of ventilation increases

98
Q

What do restrictive lung diseases do?

A

Decrease pulmonary compliance and reduce the effectiveness of inspiration by increasing alveolar surface tension and destroying elastic tissue in lungs

99
Q

What effect do restrictive lung diseases have on inspiratory capacity, vital capacity and total lung capacity?

A

It decreases them and makes effective pulmonary ventilation difficult

100
Q

Common restrictive lung diseases?

A

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
pneumoconiosis
neuromuscular diseases
chest wall deformities

101
Q

What do obstructive lung diseases do?

A

Increase airway resistance which decreases the efficiency of expiration.

This resistance can lead to the collapse of airways after expiration due to otherwise normal recoil of elastic tissue

traps O2 poor, CO2 rich air in the alveoli

Residual volume increases and vital capacity decreases

102
Q

Common obstructive lung diseases?

A

Emphysema
Asthma
Lung cancer

A & P II (15 decks)

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