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A & P II > Chapter 26- Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 26- Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the gonads in females?

A

Ovaries

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2
Q

Are reproductive cells capable of fertilization immediately after leaving our gonads?

A

No

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3
Q

Is taking a woman’s temperature a low-tech way if identifying time of ovulation?

A

Yes

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4
Q

Two major components of the reproductive cycle

A

Ovarian and uterine cycle

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5
Q

In what phase does repair to the endometrium occur following menses?

A

Rising estrogens causing the proliferative phase

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6
Q

What are the two main muscles that control the distance of the testes from the body? Why are they important?

A

Cremaster and dartos muscles

Control and maintain optimal temperature for sperm production

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7
Q

What happens at puberty to the remainder of the primordial follicles that will not be ovulated?

A

Atresia

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8
Q

Erection of the penis is accomplished by increasing blood flow to what parts?

A

The corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa

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9
Q

What do the uterine tubes do?

A

Responsible for movement of fertilized embryo to uterus

Secrete nutrients for spermatozoa

Secrete mucins

Secrete nutrients for the fertilized embryo

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10
Q

What hormone most directly controls the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?

A

Progesterone

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11
Q

What is the muscular portion of the uterus that provides the force during childbirth?

A

Myometeium

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12
Q

What does mitosis create?

A

2 identical daughter cells

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13
Q

What does meiosis create?

A

4 cells with half the DNA of the parental cell

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14
Q

Where do spermatozoa complete capacitation?

A

In the uterine tube

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15
Q

What structure secretes a fluid that lunricates the glans penis before ejaculation?

A

Bulbourethral glands

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16
Q

What are female gametes called at the earliest stage of development?

A

Primordial follicles

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17
Q

What is the difference between the products of meiosis in males versus females?

A

Females produce one gamete a month that we call an ovum. Process is called oogenesis and is different than spermatogenesis and that only one egg is produced while males produce a half billion sperm per day

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18
Q

What are the structures that gametes progress through as they develop in a male?

A

Primary spermatocyte-> secondary soermatocyte-> spermatid-> spermatozoa

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19
Q

What is the spermatic cord?

A

Tube extending from the scrotum. Houses ductus deferens, blood and lymph vessels and nerves

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20
Q

At what temperature does sperm development occur?

A

1.1 degrees Celsius LOWER than normal body temperature

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21
Q

What is the function of testes?

A

Location of spermatozoa productions and secretion of androgen hormones, primarily testosterone

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22
Q

What is produced from interstitial (Leydig) cells and where are they located?

A

Produce androgens

Located in connective tissue around seminiferous tubules in testes

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23
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Process in which gametes are produced

24
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

Process of spermatozoa maturation

Involves shape and size change

25
Q

What is spermiation?

A

Spermatozoon loses attachment to nurse cell, enters seminiferous tubule

Spermatozoa are functionally immature and incapable of fertilization

26
Q

What is the functions of nurse, or Sertoli, cells?

A

Promote spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis

Maintain blood-testis barrier

Secrete inhibin

Secrete androgen bonding protein and Mullerian inhibiting factor

27
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Site of spermatozoa maturation and storage

28
Q

What is capacitation?

A

When sperm becomes fully capable of fertilization

Become motile when in contact with secretions from seminal glands, fully capacitated when in female reproductive tract

29
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct?

A

Short duct that receives sperm from ductus deferens. Travels through prostate on its way to urethra

Also location of seminal vesicle

30
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Belongs to both the reproductive and urinary systems.

Transports both urine and semen

Three parts include the prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra

31
Q

What are the three accessories glands of the male reproductive system?

A

Seminal vesicles – secrete seminal fluid that makes up 60% of semen volume

Prostate - contracts during ejaculation and squeezes prostatic secretions into prostatic urethra

Bulbourethral glands – secrete a thick, alkaline mucus that neutralizes acidic urine remaining in urethra in response to sexual stimulation. Also lubricates the glans penis

32
Q

What are the effects of capital LH & FSH in the male reproductive system?

A

LH Stimulates interstitial cells to begin producing testosterone.

FSH stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete androgen binding protein and inhibin hormone

33
Q

How does GnRH secretion differ in males and females?

A

In females, GnRH pulse frequency changes over the course of the ovarian cycle controlled by estrogen and progesterone.

In males it is secreted in pulses in 60 to 90 minute intervals, controls secretion of FSH and LH

34
Q

What limits side to side movement and rotation of uterus

A

The broad ligament, attaches to sides and floor of pelvic cavity

35
Q

How are the ovaries held in place?

A

The mesovarium, ovarian ligament and suspensory ligament’s hold them in place

36
Q

What are the functions of the ovaries

A

Functions to produce female gametes, secrete female sex hormones (estrogens, progestin, relaxin) and secretion of inhibin

37
Q

What is oogenesis? When does it begin, accelerate and end?

A

Process in which female gametes are produced

Begins at birth, accelerated at puberty and ends at menopause

38
Q

What is the path that oocytes travel as they mature in the ovary and after ovulation?

A

Primary oocytes are located in primary follicles. Midway through cycle oocyte moves into Central chamber of follicle and completes meiosis one. Ova detach from follicular wall. Secondary oocyte with corona radiata are released into fallopian tube and then uterine tube

39
Q

What is the follicular phase of Ovarian cycle?

A

The follicular or proliferative phase is day one through 14 and is pre-ovulatory. Phase in which follicles of the ovary mature and ends with ovulation

40
Q

What is the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

This phase is post ovulatory and extends from day 14 to 28. Ruptured follicle closes after releasing the egg and forms the corpus luteum which produces increasing quantities of progesterone

41
Q

In each ovarian cycle several primordial follicles will begin maturing but only one ends up being ovulated. What happens to the others?

A

Empty follicles collapse and ruptured vessels bleed into the antrum

42
Q

What are the three parts of the uterine tubes

A

Infundibulum

Ampulla

Isthmus

43
Q

What are the 4 parts of the uterus?

A

Fundus

Uterine body

Cervix

Cervical canal

44
Q

How do ovulated ova end up in the uterine tube when they don’t form a continuous structure?

A

Fibrulated ends of the fallopian tube sweep across the ovary and cilia adhere to the egg and move it to the tube

45
Q

How long do oocytes have to be fertilized by sperm?

A

24 hours

46
Q

Describe the different layers of the uterus

A

Parametrium is an incomplete serous membrane

Myometrium is a thick, outer muscular layer that contract during childbirth

Endometrium is a thin glandular layer that supports the growing fetus

47
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium? How do they receive blood?

A

Stratum functionalis - she’s during menstruation and receives blood supply through spiral arteries

Stratum basalis - deeper layer, replaces the stratum functionalis at the end of menstruation. Receives blood through spiral and straight arteries

48
Q

What happens during the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?

A

Uterus sheds the stratum functionalis, this is menstruation

49
Q

What happens during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

A

New stratum functionalis is formed, area becomes heavily vascularized

Stimulated by estrogens being secreted by developing ovarian follicles

Ovulation occurs at the end of this phase

50
Q

What happens during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?

A

Uterine arteries elongate and convert the stratum functionalis into secretory mucosa that can nourish an egg

If the egg is not fertilized, menses will occur

51
Q

What is menarche?

A

First uterine cycle that begins at puberty

52
Q

What is menopause?

A

Termination of uterine cycles

53
Q

What hormones spike causes ovulation?

A

Luteinizing hormone

Follicle stimulating hormone

54
Q

What does the corpus luteum do? How long will it secrete it’s hormone?

A

Secretes progesterone which is responsible for the development and maintenance of the endometrium

Will secrete for one week

55
Q

What are the hormones that cause the proliferative and secretory phase is of the uterine cycle?

A

Estrogen stimulates regeneration of the functional zone (proliferation) and rising progesterone starts the secretory phase

56
Q

How does hormonal fluctuation affect body temperature?

A

During the follicular phase and ovulation body temperature decreases and rises again after ovulation

57
Q

Where does sperm production begin?

A

Seminiferous tubules

A & P II (15 decks)

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