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A & P II > Chapter 18- The Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Chapter 18- The Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two circuits that that carry blood through the body?

A

Systemic and pulmonary circuits

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2
Q

Describe arteries

A

Distribution functions

Carry blood away from the heart to the lungs and other extremities to distribute oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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3
Q

Describe capillaries

A

Smallest vessels act as an exchange system in tissues for oxygen and CO2

Branching networks called capillary beds

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4
Q

Describe veins

A

Collect blood from the lungs and other tissues to return it to the heart

Drain blood from capillary beds

Become larger as they approach the heart

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5
Q

What is the lumen?

A

Central space within blood vessels

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6
Q

What are the three tunics of blood vessel walls?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa

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7
Q

What is the tunica intima composed of?

A

Endothelium

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8
Q

What are the two layers of the tunica media?

A

Smooth muscle

External elastic lamina

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9
Q

What does the smooth muscle of the blood vessels control?

A

Vessel diameter and therefore the amount of blood flowing to the organs

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10
Q

What innervate the smooth muscle of the vessel walls?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

Vasomotor nerves

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11
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

When the smooth muscle contracts to narrow the opening of the lumen and restrict blood flow

Raises BP

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12
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

When the smooth muscles relax and the lumen diameter widens allowing blood to flow freely

Lowers BP

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13
Q

What is the tunica externa composed of?

A

Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

Supports vessel and prevents overstretching

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14
Q

What are the two big differences between a typical artery wall and the wall of a typical vein?

A

Arteries have a thicker tunica media

Internal and external lamina are more extensive in arteries

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15
Q

What are the different size arteries in order from largest to smallest in diameter?

A

Elastic arteries
Muscular arteries
Arterioles
Metarterioles

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16
Q

Which vessels directly feed the capillary beds?

A

Metarterioles

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17
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A

Detect blood oxygen, CO2 and hydrogen ion concentration in the aorta and common carotid artery

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18
Q

Characteristics of veins

A

Outnumber arteries

Larger lumens

Function as blood reservoirs

Can be diverted to other parts of the body because they have thinner walls, fewer elastic fibers, less smooth muscle

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19
Q

What are the smallest veins called?

A

Venules

Thin tunica media

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20
Q

What prevents blood from flowing backward in the venous circuit?

A

Venous valves

21
Q

What are vascular anastomoses?

A

Locations where vessels connect via pathways called collateral vessels

22
Q

What is hemodynamics?

A

Physiology of blood flow in the cardiovascular system

23
Q

What is blood pressure and in which vessels is it highest and lowest?

A

The outward force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels

Highest in the large systemic arteries and lowest in the large systemic veins

24
Q

What is the main factor that determines blood flow?

A

The magnitude of the blood pressure gradient

25
Q

What is blood flow?

A

The volume of blood that flows per minute

Matches cardiac output

Directly proportionate to the pressure gradient: blood flow increases when the pressure gradient increases and vice versa

26
Q

What is resistance?

A

Any impedance to blood flow

Blood flow is inversely proportionate to resistance: when resistance increases, blood flow decreases

27
Q

What effect does cross sectional area have on blood flow? Where is it highest?

A

Cross sectional area is highest in the small vessel branches as they split off from the larger vessels

As this area increases, the velocity of blood flow decreases. Blood flow is fastest in the aorta and slowest in the capillaries

28
Q

Factors that determine blood pressure

A

Resistance
Cardiac output
Blood volume

29
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

Any factors that slow blood flow through the vessels

As resistance increases, BP increases

30
Q

Variables that contribute to resistance

A

Vessel radius
Viscosity
Vessel length

31
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood the heart pumps through the circulatory system in one minute

32
Q

What is cardiac output the result of?

A

Stroke volume X heart rate

33
Q

2 factors that determine the pressure gradient that drives circulation

A

Cardiac output
Peripheral resistance

DeltaP= CO x PR

34
Q

Final major factor that determines overall blood pressure

A

Volume of blood in circulation

35
Q

What is total blood volume directly linked to?

A

The amount of water in the blood

More water= higher blood volume

36
Q

What is compliance? Which vessels are most compliant?

A

Ability of vessels to stretch due to small increases of blood volume

Veins

37
Q

What are the average blood pressures in the pulmonary and systemic circuits?

A 
Pulmonary= 15mmHg
Systemic= 95mmHg
38
Q

What is ventricular systole?

What is average systolic pressure?

A

Period of contraction in the heart

120 mmHg

39
Q

What is ventricular diastole? What is average diastolic pressure?

A

Period of relaxation in the heart

80mmHg

40
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

The different between the systolic and diastolic pressure, about 40mmHg

41
Q

What is the name of the tool used to take blood pressure?

A

Sphygmomanometer

42
Q

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)? How is it measured?

A

Average pressure on a patients arteries during one cardiac cycle

MAP= diastolic pressure+1/3(pulse pressure)

Typically maintained at 95mmHg

43
Q

What is systemic capillary pressure? Why does it happen?

A

The drop in pressure between the arteriolar and ventilate ends of the capillary beds. About 35mmHg to 15mmHg

Reduction in blood volume from fluid loss

44
Q

What accounts for the extremely low pressure in the inferior vena cava and right atrium?

A

The high compliance of veins and reduction in pressure as the veins grow larger as they get nearer the heart

45
Q

Ways in which the rate of venous return is increased

A

Skeletal muscle pump
Respiratory pump
Valves

46
Q

What immediate effects does the sympathetic nervous system have on blood pressure? How?

A

Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine onto cardiac cells to increase heart rate and cardiac output as well as vasoconstriction which increases resistance

47
Q

What immediate effects does the parasympathetic nervous system have on blood pressure? How?

A

Acetylcholine released onto pacemaker cells decreases heart rate which decreases cardiac output

48
Q

What is the baroreceptor reflex?

A

Negative feedback loop that senses increase and decreases in blood pressure

Stretch receptors that respond to the pressure induced stretching of the vessels in which they are found

49
Q

What do we call abnormally high blood pressure?

A

Hypertension

A & P II (15 decks)

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