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A & P II > Chapter 19- Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 19- Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Major components of blood

A

Plasma- extracellular matrix

Formed elements- cells and cell fragments in plasma

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2
Q

Formed elements in blood

A

Erythrocytes- red blood cells

Leukocytes- white blood cells

Platelets- tiny cellular fragments

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3
Q

Hematocrit

A

Percentage of blood that is composed of erythrocytes

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4
Q

Functions of blood

A 
Exchanging gases
Distributing solutes
Immune functions
Maintaining body temp
Sealing damaged blood vessels- clotting
Preserving acid-base homeostasis 
Stabilizing blood pressure
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5
Q

Plasma

A

Pale yellow liquid composed primarily of water. Determines viscosity of blood

Top layer of blood when centrifuged

55% of total blood volume

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6
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Made by the liver and too big to dissolve in the water portion so form a colloid

Albumin
Immune proteins
Transport proteins
Clotting proteins

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7
Q

Albumin

A

Synthesized only the liver

Large protein responsible for the pressure that draws water into the blood via osmosis (gradients)

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8
Q

Antibodies (immune proteins)

A

g-Globulins

Plasma proteins of the immune system.

Produced by leukocytes

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9
Q

Transport proteins

A

Bind to fats and steroids which are hydrophobic you help them move safely through blood without binding to each other and and forming clumps

a and B-globulins
Lipoproteins

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10
Q

Clotting proteins

A

Combine with platelets to form blood clots to stop bleeding from injured blood vessels

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11
Q

Buffycoat

A

Middle layer of centrifuged blood consisting of leukocytes and platelets

Only 1% of total blood volume

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12
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

Bottom layer of centrifuged blood

44% of total blood volume

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13
Q

Exchanging gases function

A

Erythrocytes Carey oxygen from the lungs to other tissues and carry CO2 back to the lungs

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14
Q

Distributing solutes function

A

Plasma transports nutrients, hormones and wastes

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15
Q

Performing immune functions

A

Leukocytes and proteins use blood as transport system to any tissue in the body

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16
Q

Maintaining body temperature function

A

Blood carries heat away from actively metabolizing tissues

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17
Q

Sealing damaged vessels by forming blood clots function

A

Platelets form cloys when vessels are damaged to prevent excess blood loss

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18
Q

Preserving acid-base homeostasis

A

Blood composition controls the body’s buffer systems

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19
Q

Stabilizing blood pressure

A

Blood volume determines blood pressure and is vital to keeping it at a constant level

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20
Q

Erythrocyte structure

A

Biconcave disc; flattened, donut shape

Increases surface area of the cell

Their structure enables them to transport O2 and CO2

Mature RBCs are anucleate-no nucleus and barely any other organelles

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21
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Large, oxygen binding protein consisting of 4 polypeptide subunits: two alpha chains and two beta chains

Releases O2 into regions where O2 concentration is low

22
Q

Heme group

A

Each heme group contains one iron ion with a polypeptide making it able to bind to oxygen

23
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

Red colored molecule that forms in the lungs when the iron ion in a heme group is exposed to high concentration of oxygen

24
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin binds to CO2 in tissues where O2 levels are low

Accounts for 23% of CO2 transportation in blood

25
Q

Life span of an erythrocyte

A

100-120 days

26
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

takes place in red bone marrow

Formed elements are produced by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

27
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Specific process that produces erythrocytes from HSCs

5-7 day process

28
Q

Erythrocyte colony forming units (CFUs)

A

HSCs differentiate into progenitor cells that have committed to forming only one single cell type

29
Q

Proerythroblasts

A

Blast cell of a hematocytoblast stem cell that develops into an erythrocyte

Erythrocyte CFUs differentiate into proerythroblasts when erythropoietin is secreted by the kidneys

30
Q

Erythroblasts

A

Immature erythrocyte, containing a nucleus

Rapidly synthesize Hb and other proteins

31
Q

Reticulocyte

A

Immature red blood cell that has no nucleus

Enter blood stream after rejecting remaining organelles

32
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone secreted by the kidneys that speeds up RBC production and reduces the amount of time it takes for them to mature

33
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells that perform immune functions. Divided into two basic categories:

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

34
Q

Granulocytes

A

Distinguished by the unusual shape of their nuclei and the different colors they take on when staid with various dyes like methylene blue and acidic eosin dye
Include: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

35
Q

Agranulocytes

A

WBCs lacking visible granules

Include: lymphocytes, monocytes

36
Q

What are Neutrophils and what is their percentage in the blood?

A

Most common leukocyte

When stained will be lilac in color. Nucleus is usually 3-5 lobes

Involved in chemotaxis

Directly kill bacterial cells, enhance inflammation

50-70%

37
Q

What are Eosinophils and what is their percentage in the blood?

A

Nucleus is “bilobed” and cell will spear red when dyed.

They respond to infection by parasitic worms and allergic reactions

2-4%

38
Q

What are Basophils and what is their percentage in the blood?

A

Least common leukocyte. S-shapes nucleus and will appear dark purple

Their function is to mediate inflammation

1%

39
Q

What are Lymphocytes and what is their percentage rate in the blood?

A

Second most common leukocyte. Have large round nucleus and a thin, light blue rim of cytoplasm. Activated by antigens

B lymphocytes- produce antibodies that bind to and remove antigens from tissues

T lymphocytes- do not produce antibodies. Directly destroy abnormal cells like cancer

20-30%

40
Q

What are Monocytes and what is their percentage in the blood?

A

Largest leukocyte. Large U-shapes nucleus surrounded by light blue or purple cytoplasm

Only stay in blood briefly before entering tissues where some mature into macrophages

2-8%

41
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Process in the bone marrow that uses HSCs to form new leukocytes

HSCs divide and split into two cell lines: myeloid cell line, lymphoid cell line

42
Q

Myeloid cell line

A

Produces most of the firmed elements including RBCs and platelets

43
Q

Lymphoid cell line

A

Produces lymphocytes

B lymphocytes remain in blood while they grow

T lymphocytes move to the thymus

44
Q

What do platelets lack?

A

Nuclei and other organelles

45
Q

Megacaryocytes

A

Developed from megacaryoblasts that go through multiple rounds of mitosis but never divides so it results in a very large cell with multiple copies of DNA

46
Q

Lifespan of platelets

A

7-10 days

47
Q

Hemostasis

A

Series of 5 distinct events that form a a clot that plugs broken blood vessels. Primary function is to limit significant blood loss

48
Q

Blood groups

A

Genetically predetermined carbohydrate chains

49
Q

What is differential count of WBCs?

A

The percentage of each WBC type present in your blood

50
Q

Order of blood cells from largest to smallest percentage in the blood

A 
Neutrophils (50-70%)
Lymphocytes (20-30%)
Monocytes (2-8%)
Eosinophils (2-4%)
Basophils (1%)

A & P II (15 decks)

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