Chapter 18

Question 1

adrenal cortex

Answer 1

outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones

Question 2

adrenal medulla

Answer 2

inner section of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 3

ovaries

Answer 3

located in the lower abdomen of a female; responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion

Question 4

pancreas

Answer 4

located behind the stomach; islet (alpha and beta) cells (islets of Langerhans) secrete hormones; also contains cells that are exocrine in function; they secrete enzymes via a duct into the small intestine to aid digestion

Question 5

parathyroid glands

Answer 5

four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland; some people may have three or five

Question 6

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

Answer 6

located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica; composed of an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis); weighs only 1/16 of an ounce and is a half-inch across

Question 7

testes

Answer 7

two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion

Question 8

thyroid gland

Answer 8

located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin

Question 9

adrenaline (epinephrine)

Answer 9

secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure

Question 10

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); adenocorticotropin

Answer 10

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates adrenal cortex

Question 11

aldosterone

Answer 11

secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases salt (sodium) absorption

Question 12

androgen

Answer 12

male hormone secreted by the testes and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex; testosterone is an example

Question 13

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 13

secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; increases reabsorption of water by the kidney

Question 14

cortisol

Answer 14

secreted by the thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels

Question 15

calcitonin

Answer 15

secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases blood sugar; secretes in times of stress and has an anti-inflammatory effect

Question 16

epinephrine (adrenaline)

Answer 16

secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure and dilates airways (sympathomimetic); part of body’s fight or flight reaction

Question 17

estradiol

Answer 17

estrogen (female hormone) secreted by the ovaries

Question 18

estrogen

Answer 18

female hormone secreted by the ovaries and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex; examples are estradiol and estrone

Question 19

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 19

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by the ovaries and sperm production by the testes

Question 20

glucagon

Answer 20

secreted by alpha islet cells of the pancreas; increases blood sugar by conversion of glycogen (starch) to glucose

Question 21

growth hormone (GH); somatotropin

Answer 21

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues

Question 22

insulin

Answer 22

secreted by beta islet cells of the pancreas; helps glucose pass into cells and promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen

Question 23

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 23

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males

Question 24

norepinephrine

Answer 24

secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure (sympathomimetic)

Question 25

oxytocin (OT)

Answer 25

secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth

Question 26

parathormone (PTH)

Answer 26

secreted by the parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium

Question 27

progesterone

Answer 27

secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy

Question 28

prolactin (PRL)

Answer 28

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes milk secretion

Question 29

somatotropin

Answer 29

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; growth hormone

Question 30

testosterone

Answer 30

male hormone secreted by the testes

Question 31

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin

Answer 31

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; acts on the thyroid gland to promote its functioning

Question 32

thyroxine (T4)

Answer 32

secreted by the thyroid gland; also called tetraiodothyronin; increases metabolism in cells

Question 33

triiodothyronine (T3)

Answer 33

secreted by the thyroid gland; increases metabolism in cells

Question 34

vasopressin

Answer 34

secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; antidiuretic hormone; increases water reabsorption and raises blood pressure

Question 35

catecholamines

Answer 35

hormones derived from an animo acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla; epinephrine is one

Question 36

corticosteroids

Answer 36

hormones (steroids) produced by the adrenal cortex; examples are cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens and estrogens

Question 37

electrolyte

Answer 37

mineral salt found in the blood and tissues and necessary for proper functioning of cells; potassium, sodium, and calcium are examples

Question 38

glucocorticoid

Answer 38

steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism; cortisol raises blood sugar and is part of the stress response

Question 39

homeostasis

Answer 39

tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment

Question 40

hormone

Answer 40

chemical secreted by an endocrine gland that travels through the blood to a distant organ or gland where it influences the structure or function of that organ or gland

Question 41

hypothalamus

Answer 41

region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland; secretes releasing factors and hormones that affect the pituitary gland

Question 42

mineralocorticoid

Answer 42

steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate mineral salts (electrolytes) and water balance in the body; aldosterone is an example

Question 43

receptor

Answer 43

cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited

Question 44

sella turcica

Answer 44

cavity at the base of the skull; contains the pituitary gland

Question 45

sex hormones

Answer 45

steroids produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male and female sexual characteristics

Question 46

steroid

Answer 46

complex substance related to fats (derived from a sterol, such as cholesterol) and of which many hormones are made ster/o means solid, -ol means oil

Question 47

sympathomimetic

Answer 47

pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system; adrenaline is an example, it raises blood pressure and heart rate and dilates airways

Question 48

target tissue

Answer 48

cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones