Chapter 5

Question 1

what are the four functions/stages of the digestive system?

Answer 1

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

Question 2

glucose

Answer 2

a simple sugar

Question 3

triglycerides

Answer 3

large fat molecules, which are broken down into simpler substances like fatty acids

Question 4

oral cavity

Answer 4

mouth

Question 5

where are the hard and soft palate in relation to each other?

Answer 5

hard palate is anterior, soft palate is posterior

Question 6

rugae

Answer 6

irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the hard palate; also present in the stomach

Question 7

uvula

Answer 7

a small projection of soft tissue that hangs from the soft palate and aids in the production of sound and speech

Question 8

mastication

Answer 8

chewing

Question 9

deglutition

Answer 9

swallowing

Question 10

papillae

Answer 10

small raised areas on the tongue that contain taste buds

Question 11

tonsils

Answer 11

masses of lymphatic tissue located in depressions of the mucous membranes on either side of the oropharynx

Question 12

gums

Answer 12

fleshy tissue surrounding the sockets of the teeth

Question 13

crown

Answer 13

the part of the tooth that shows above the gum line; covered with enamel

Question 14

dentin

Answer 14

main substance of the tooth; lies beneath the enamel

Question 15

cementum

Answer 15

covers, supports, and protects the dentin within the root of the tooth

Question 16

periodontal membrane

Answer 16

surrounds the cementum and holds the tooth in place in the tooth socket

Question 17

pulp

Answer 17

blood vessels, nerve endings, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels filling the center of the tooth; within the pulp canal/root canal

Question 18

what are the three pairs of salivary glands?

Answer 18

parotid gland (in the cheek)
submandibular gland (jaw region)
sublingual gland (under the tongue)

Question 19

epiglottis

Answer 19

cartilaginous flap that covers the trachea during swallowing to keep food out

Question 20

esophagus

Answer 20

fibromuscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach

Question 21

peristalsis

Answer 21

involuntary, progressive, rhythmic contraction of muscles in the esophagus

Question 22

bolus

Answer 22

mass of food

Question 23

what are the three main parts of the stomach?

Answer 23

fundus (upper portion)
body (middle portion)
antrum (lower portion)

Question 24

sphincter

Answer 24

rings of muscle that control openings

Question 25

what are the sphincters at either end of the stomach called?

Answer 25

lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pyloric sphincter

Question 26

pepsin

Answer 26

enzyme secreted by the stomach to begin digestion of proteins

Question 27

hydrochloric acid

Answer 27

secreted by the stomach to digest protein and kill bacteria

Question 28

what are the three parts of the small intestine?

Answer 28

duodenum (1 ft) jejunum (8 ft) ileum (11 feet)

Question 29

what enters the duodenum besides food?

Answer 29

bile from the liver and gallbladder pancreatic juices from the pancreas

Question 30

villi

Answer 30

microscopic projections that line the walls of the small intestine and absorb nutrients into capillaries and lymph vessels

Question 31

what are the three main parts of the large intestine?

Answer 31

cecum colon rectum

Question 32

cecum

Answer 32

pouch on the right side that connects to the ileum at the ileocecal valve (sphincter)

Question 33

appendix

Answer 33

hangs from the cecum; no clear function

Question 34

what are the four named segments of the colon?

Answer 34

ascending colon (cecum to under the liver) transverse colon (right to left side) descending colon (down the left side) sigmoid colon (s-shaped to the rectum)

Question 35

liver

Answer 35

produces bile; located in RUQ of the abdomen

Question 36

bile

Answer 36

contains cholesterol, bile acids, and bile pigments; emulsifies fat

Question 37

bilirubin

Answer 37

bile pigment produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during normal red blood cell destruction; gives feces the brown color when it’s broken down in the digestive tract

Question 38

hyperbilirubinemia

Answer 38

jaundice; the liver can’t excrete bilirubin into the bile, so it remains in the bloodstream; feces may be lighter because of the lack of pigment

Question 39

common bile duct

Answer 39

carries bile and pancreatic juices to the duodenum

Question 40

what other ducts connect to the common bile duct?

Answer 40

hepatic duct (from the liver) cystic duct (from the gallbladder) pancreatic duct (from the pancreas)

Question 41

gallbladder

Answer 41

sac under the liver that stores and concentrates bile for later use; contracts to release bile into the cystic duct

Question 42

emulsification

Answer 42

bile breaks apart large fat globules, creating more surface area so that enzymes from the pancreas can digest them

Question 43

what are some of the other functions of the liver?

Answer 43

stores excess glucose as glycogen (starch) manufactures blood proteins like albumin release bilirubin clear drugs and toxins from the blood

Question 44

glycogenolysis

Answer 44

the liver converts stored glycogen (starch) back into glucose

Question 45

glyconeogenesis

Answer 45

the liver converts fats and proteins into glucose when the body needs sugar

Question 46

portal vein

Answer 46

brings blood to the liver from the intestines; liver gets first pick at nutrients

Question 47

exocrine function of the pancreas

Answer 47

produces enzymes to digest starch (amylase), fat (lipase), and proteins (protease)

Question 48

endocrine function of the pancreas

Answer 48

secretes insulin

Question 49

insulin

Answer 49

hormone that carries glucose into cells Devon’s number goes up because he has no insulin, which means glucose stays in the blood instead of entering his cells

Question 50

types of teeth, from front to back

Answer 50

incisors, canines, premolars, molars