1
Q
-ant
A
pertaining to
2
Q
-gene
A
gene
3
Q
aden/o-
A
gland
4
Q
angi/o-
A
blood vessel; lymphatic vessel
5
Q
blast/o-
A
immature; embryonic
6
Q
carcin/o-
A
cancer
7
Q
cellul/o-
A
cell
8
Q
chori/o-
A
chorion; feral membrane
9
Q
cyt/o-
A
cell
10
Q
invas/o-
A
to go into
11
Q
lys/o-
A
breakdown; destroy
12
Q
malign/o-
A
intentionally causing harm; cancer
13
Q
myel/o-
A
bone marrow
14
Q
ne/o-
A
new
15
Q
onc/o-
A
tumor; mass
16
Q
plas/o-
A
growth; formation
17
Q
plasm/o-
A
plasma
18
Q
remiss/o-
A
send back
19
Q
sacr/o-
A
connective tissue
20
Q
terat/o-
A
bizarre
21
Q
Oncology is unique because why?
A
it encompasses all body systems
22
Q
What allows water and nutrients to enter the cell and wast leave the cell?
A
cell membrane
23
Q
What are the basic structures of the cell called?
A
intracellular contents
24
Q
What is a gel like substance that fills the cell and contains dissolved substances as well as organelles?
A
cytoplasm
25
What does the nucleus control?
all activities within a cell
26
How many pairs of chromosomes are there?
23 pairs
27
What are the paired structures within the nucleus called?
chromosomes
28
What are the segments of the chromosomes?
gene
29
Mitosis is what?
process by which a cell divides
30
What does erythropoietin do?
stims stem cells in bone marrow to produce more RBC
31
What do suppressor genes do?
inhibit mitosis
32
The rate of cell division is what for different types of cells?
different
33
Types of Damages to Chromosome
1) Genetic mutations that delete genes
2) Reversal of their normal order
3) Breaking off segments of genes and inserting them into other chromosomes
34
What is translocation?
the breaking off of genes and inserting them into their other chromosomes
35
Causes of DNA damage?
1) Carcinogens
2) Pathogens
3) Heredity
36
What are oncogenes?
mutated genes in the RNA of a virus; going normal cell and change DNA to cancerous cell
37
How is the progression of cancer?
slow
38
How does DNA become damaged?
after repeated exposure
39
What part of the gene is damaged for it to divid uncontrollably?
p53
40
What percent of cancer derives from p53?
more than half
41
Cancerous are what to the normal structure and function of the body?
not part of and do not contribute to
42
Cancerous cells lack what?
differentiation
43
Cancerous cells are not what like not normal cells?
arranged in a orderly fashion
44
How do cancerous cells divide?
rapidly
45
Cancerous cells form a solid tumor that is what?
not encapsulated
46
What are benign tumors?
encapsulated
47
What is the process of angiogenesis?
blood vessels in the surrounding tissues to grow into the tumor and provide it with nutrients
48
How do cancerous tumors damage tissues?
invade them and interfere with normal functions
49
What is metastasis?
when a cancerous cell breaks off and move through blood vessels to a new site
50
What is the body's defense system to cancer cells?
1) p53
2) Special lymphocytes, NK
3) Lymph nodes and Macrophages
4) Tumor necrosis factor
51
Cancerous cells not destroyed will do what?
multiply and metastasize
52
CAUTION
```
C-change in bowel and bladder
A-a sore does not heal
U-unusual discharge
T-Thickening or Lump
I-inedgestion or trouble swallowing
O-obviosu changes in a wart or mole
N-nagging cough or hoarseness
```
53
Anaplasia
cancerous cell
54
Dysplasia
have not become cancerous yet
55
Lymphadenopathy
enlarged lymph nodes due to lymph node trapping cancerous cell and becoming cancerous
56
Neoplasm
growing tissue not apart of the body; benign or malignant
57
What is the primary site of a tumor?
area where the cancerous cell first grew
58
What is in situ?
when the tumor is still contained in the primary site
59
What is the secondary site?
when the tumor moves from the primary site to a new spot
60
Categories of Cancer
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Leukemia
Embryonal Cell Carcinoma
61
Carcinoma
cancer of the epithelial cells in the skin; slow moving; metastasize in the lymphatic system
62
Adenocarcinoma
cancer of a gland
63
Basal Cell Carcinoma
cancer of the basal layer
64
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
cancer of the top layer of the skin
65
Malignant Melanoma
cancer of melanocytes
66
Sarcoma
cancer of the connective tissues; grows rapidly; metastasizes in the circulatory system
67
Angiosarcoma
cancer of a blood or lymphatic vessel
68
Leiomyosarcoma
cancer of the smooth muscle layer in the uterus, digestive tract, bladder
69
Osteosarcoma
cancer of the bone
70
Leukemia
cancer of leukocytes
71
AML
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
72
CML
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
73
ALL
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
74
CLL
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
75
Embryonal Cell Cancer
cancer of embryonal cell
76
Choriocarcinoma
cancer that develops in early pregnancy
77
Germ Cell Tumor
germ cell means cells in ovary or testes, develops during puberty
78
Neuroblastoma
cancer of the embryonal nerve cells
79
Teratoma
cancer of the ovary or testis that contain cells from other parts of the body
80
Wilms' Tumor
cancer of an embryonal cell of the kidney
81
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
most common lymphoma
82
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
group of 20 different lymphomas
83
Normal Plasma Cells produce what?
B lymphocytes that produce antibodies when activated by a pathogen
84
Malignant Plasma Cells produce what?
abnormal antibodies know as Bence Jones proteins
85
Bone Marrow Aspiration
diagnose leukemia or lymphoma
86
Karyotype
test that examines chromosomes under a microscope
87
Tumor Markers
detects antigens on the surface of skin cells
88
Bone Marrow Transplant
medical treatment for leukemia and lymphoma
89
Staging
classifies cancer by how far it has spread in the body
90
Optical Biopsy
probe is inserted into the tumor. this creates a microscopic image of cells of the tumor
91
Lumpectomy
removal of small cancerous tumor without taking any surrounding tissue
92
Percutaneous Radio-frequency Ablation
needle is inserted and radiation heats and kills cells
93
Antiemetic Drugs
prevents vomiting
