1
Q
Latin Singular to Plural
A
- a to -ae
- us to -i
- um to -a
- is to -es
- ex to -ices
2
Q
Greek Singular to Plural
A
- is to -ides
- nx to -nges
- oma to -omata
- on to -a
3
Q
Five Skills
A
1) reading (input)
2) listening (input)
3) thinking, analyzing, and understanding (processing)
4) writing (processing)
5) speaking back (output)
4
Q
Etymology
A
study of words
5
Q
Combining Form
A
gives the foundation its meaning
6
Q
Suffixes
A
clarifies the combining form
7
Q
Cholecyst/o-
A
gallbladder
8
Q
Cost/o-
A
rib
9
Q
Enter/o
A
stomach
10
Q
Hyster/o-
A
uterus
11
Q
Lapar/o-
A
abdomen
12
Q
-ac
A
pertaining to
ex: cardiac
13
Q
-al
A
pertaining to
ex: intestinal
14
Q
-ar
A
pertaining to
ex: muscular
15
Q
-ary
A
pertaining to
ex: urinary
16
Q
-ic
A
pertaining to
ex: pelvic
17
Q
-ine
A
pertaining to
ex: uterine
18
Q
-ive
A
pertaining to
ex: digestive
19
Q
-ous
A
pertaining to
ex: venous
20
Q
-ation
A
a process; being or having
Ex: urination
21
Q
-ion
A
action; condition
ex: digestion
22
Q
-ia
A
condition; state; thing
ex: pneumonia
23
Q
-ism
A
process; disease from a specific cause
ex: hypothyroidism
24
Q
-itis
A
inflammation of; infection of
ex: tonsillitis
25
-megaly
enlargement
| ex: cardiomegaly
26
-oma
tumor; mass
| ex: neuroma
27
-osis
condition; abnormal condition; process
| ex: psychosis- abnormal condition of the mind
28
-pathy
disease
| ex: arthropathy
29
-ectomy
surgical removal
| ex: appendectomy
30
-gram
a record or picture
| ex: mammogram
31
-graphy
process of recording
| ex: mammography
32
-metry
process of measuring
"metric"
ex: spirometry
33
-scope
instrument used for examining
| ex: colonoscope
34
-scopy
process of "using" an instrument for examining
| ex: gastroscopy
35
-stomy
surgically created opening
| ex: colostomy
36
-therpay
treatment
| ex: psychotherapy
37
-tomy
process of cutting or making incision
| ex: laparotomy- cutting abdomen
38
-iatry
medical treatment
| ex: psychiatry
39
-ics
knowledge; practice
| ex: dietetics- knowledge and practice of foods and diet
40
-ist
one who specializes in
| ex: therapist
41
-logy
the study of
| ex: biology
42
endo-
innermost; within
| ex: endotracheal
43
epi-
upon; above
| ex: epidermal
44
inter-
between
ex: intercostal
"intertwine"
45
intra-
within
| ex: intravenous
46
peri-
around
| ex: pericardial
47
post-
after; behind
| ex: postnasal
48
pre-
before; in front
| ex: premenstrual
49
sub-
below; underneath
| ex: subcutaneous
50
trans-
across; through
| ex: transvaginal
51
bi-
two
| ex: bilateral
52
brady-
slow
| ex: bradycardia
53
hemi-
one half
| ex: hemiplegia- one half of body has paralysis
54
hyper-
above, more than normal
| ex: hypertension
55
hypo-
below; deficient
| ex: hypothyroidism
56
poly-
many; much
| ex: polyneuritis- inflammation of many nerves
57
quadri-
four
| ex: quadriplegia- four limbs with paralysis
58
tachy-
fast
| ex: tachycardia
59
tri-
three
| ex: trigeminal- pertaining to three groups
60
a-
away from; without
| ex: aspermia- without sperm
61
an-
without; not
| ex: anesthesia- condition of being without feeling
62
anti-
against
| ex: antibiotic- pertaining to against living organism
63
de-
reversal of; without
| ex: dementia- condition of being without a mind
64
dys-
painful; difficult; abnormal
| ex: dysphagia- condition of painful or difficult eating and swallowing
65
eu-
normal; good
| ex: euthyroidism- normal thyroid gland
66
mal-
bad; inadequate
| ex: malnutrition
67
re-
again and again
| ex: respiration
68
Approaches for studying the body
1) Body Planes
2) Body Cavities
3) Body Quadrants
4) Anatomy and Physiology
5) Micro and Macroscopic
6) Main Body Systems
7) Medical Specialities
69
Coronal Plane
"suture in brain" runs left to right
| divides to front and back
70
Saginal Plane
"suture that runs front to back"
| divides into left and right halves
71
Transverse Plane
divides into trunks
72
Anterior (coronal)
Front
73
Posterior (coronal)
Back
74
Supine (coronal)
lying on posterior
75
Prone (coronal)
lying on anterior
76
Medial (saginal)
move "in" towards the middle
77
Lateral (saginal)
move "out" from middle
78
Superior (transverse)
upper half
towards head
"cephalad"- means head
79
Inferior (transverse)
lower half
towards tail bone
caudad
80
Distal
from trunk down a limb
81
Proximal
end of a limb toward the trunk
82
Body Cavities
named for organs they contain
- Thoracic
- Spinal
- Cranial
- Abdominal
- Pelvic
83
Body Quadrants
Right Upper Quadrant
Left Upper Quadrant
Right Lower Quadrant
Left Lower Quadrant
84
Nine Regions of Body Quadrants
```
Right and Left Hypochondriac
Epigastric
Right and Left Lumbar
Umbilical
Right and Left Inguinal
Hypogastric
```
85
Anatomy
study of the human structures
86
Physiology
study of the function of the human structures
87
Microscope
can only be seen though microscope
88
Macroscope
can be seen by the naked eye
89
Body Systems
- Gastrointestinal System (GI)
- Respiratroy System
- Cardiovascular System (CV)
- Blood
- Lymphatic System
- Integumentary System
- Skeletal System
- Muscular System
- Nervous System
- Urinary System
- Male Genital and Repro. System
- Female Genital and Repro. System
- Endocrine System
- Eyes
- Ear, nose, and threat (ENT)
90
Medical Specialties
Include these:
- A&P
- Diseases
- Lab and diagnostic procedure
- Medical and surgical procedures
- Drugs for that body system
91
Pulmonologist
specializes in pulmonology
| respiratory system
92
Gynecologist
physician who specials in gynecology
93
Obstetrician
physician who specializes in obstetrics (when you have a child)
94
Preventative Medicine
keeps a person healthy
95
Disease
any change in normal structure or function of the body
96
Etiology
cause or origin of disease
97
Congenital
disease at birth
98
Degenerative
progressive destruction
99
Environmental
exposure to external substance
100
Hereditary
spontaneous mutation in gene
101
Iatrogenic
medicine for a cure creates another disease
102
Idiopathic
no cause identified
103
Infectious
caused by infection
104
Neoplastic
caused by a mass
105
Nosocomial
infection by medical facility
106
Nutritional
not enough of a certain nutrient
107
Symptom
only you can feel it
108
Sign
other can see it; direct
109
Syndrome
symptoms and signs characterized by one disease
110
Asymptomatic
no symptoms or signs; only detected through test
111
Physician Plan
1) Inspection- uses a tool
2) Palpitation- feel on area
3) Auscultation- listening
4) Percussion- tap on cavity
112
Specialists
find symptoms that a physician cannot find
113
Acute Symptoms
sudden in naturve and sever intensity
114
Subacute Symptoms
less severe in intensity
115
Chronic Symptoms
continuing for three or more months
116
Exacerbation
sudden worsening in severity of symptoms and signs
117
Remission
temporary improvement in symptoms and signs
118
Relapse
return of original symptoms
119
Sequela
arises bc an original disease remains after it is cured
120
Therapeutic
signs and symptoms go away
121
Refractory
does not respond to treatment
122
Outcomes of Disease
1) Recuperation
2) Disability
3) Terminal Illness
123
Prognosis
predicted outcome
124
Radiology
medical specialty that combines A&P, energy (X-rays, magnetic field, sound waves) and technology to create images of the internal structures and functions of the body
125
Nuclear Medicine
uses radioactive substances for some people
126
Diagnostic Imaging
includes radiology and nuclear medicine
127
Radiography
- uses X-ray
- wavelengths that pass through body
- areas of low density radiolucent (black)
- areas of high density radiopaque (white)
128
PA chest xray
posteroanterior
129
AP chest xray
anteroposterior view
130
Lateral chest xray
one side of the body to the other
131
KUB
kidney, ureter, bladder
132
Fluoroscopy
provides continuous movement of internal organs; digital recording is called cineradiography
133
Fluoroscopy Fields
Angiography- blood vessels
Arthrography- joint
Barium Enema- colon and rectum
Choloangraphy (IV)- outlines liver and gallbladder
Cholecystography (oral)- oral tablet outlines liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts
Upper gastrointestinal series (UGI)- swallowed contrast outlines bowels
134
Bone Density
measures density of bones
135
DEXA Scan
2-D image of bones
| detects 1% of bone loss
136
QCT Scan
creates 3-D image
| determines area of bone density
137
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)
- shows all soft tissue
- uses X-ray
- 3-D view
138
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- use magnetic field
- proton absorb radio waves
- gadolinium- metallic element injected into vein or cavity to enhance image
139
Ultrasonography
- sound waves create image
- use a handheld transducer
- some of these fit in the body
- can be used to guide needle in the body
140
Echocardiography
shows contraction and relaxation of the heart
| -uses a transesophegal echocardiography to produce sound waves; it is swallowed
141
Dopple ultrasonography
- produces image and sound
| - combo of 2-D image with doppler results in color image
142
Electron Beam Tomography (EBT)
full body scan
from shoulder to upper leg
uses electron beams
143
Nuclear Medicine
uses radioactive substances to create image of the body
144
Gamma rays and positrons are used for imaging
_
145
Alpha and Beta Cells
are used for therapy in oncology
146
Radiopharmaceutical
tracers; traces inside of the body
147
Gamma scintillation camera
used for after radiopharmaceutical is used to scan area
148
Hot Spots
increased uptakes of scintigram
149
Cold Spots
decreased uptakes of scintigram
150
Nuclear Medicine That Use Gamma Rays
```
Bone Scintigraphy
Cholescintigraphy
Multiple-Gated Acquisition Scan
Single-Photon Emission CT
OncoScint Scan
ProstaScint
ThyroidScan
Ventilation Perfusion Scan
```
151
Bone Scintigraphy
used to detect areas of increased uptake related to arthritis, fracture, tumors on bones
152
Cholescintigraphy
used to detect areas of decreased uptake in gallbladder
153
Hyrdoxyiminodiacetic
carries molecules of radiopharmaceutical to the liver
154
Multiple-Gated Acquisition (MUGA)
determines how well the heart walls move when it contracts
155
Single-Photon Emission CT (SPECT)
scan of the heart where the camera moves around in a circle making slices of the heart
156
OncoScint Scan
detect areas of increased activity that are metastases from cancerous tumor's; colony or ovary
157
ProstaScint Scan
same as oncoscint but for prostate gland
158
Thyroid Scan
detect hyperthyroidism, and decreased activity to cause cancer
159
Ventilation-Perfusion Scan (V/Q Scan)
two part test: intravenous and inhaled
- used to detect poor air flow, pneumonia
- assesses lungs
160
Nuclear Medicine Procedures That Use Positrons
are used in postirtron emission
161
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
like CT and MRI in the slice aspect
| -but produces images of physiology and metabolism of an organ
162
PET Scan identifications
Cancer
CV disease
Abnormal metabolic rates
