Chapter 18 [ EXAM #2 ]

Question 1

list endocrine glands

Answer 1

pituitary

thyroid

parathyroid

adrenal

pineal

Question 2

list organs with endocrine cells

Answer 2

hypothalamus

pancreas

gonads

others

Question 3

what is IH hormone

Answer 3

inhibiting hormone

inhibits anterior pituitary

Question 4

what is RH hormone

Answer 4

releasing hormone

stimulates anterior pituitary

Question 5

role of hypothalamus

Answer 5

links nervous and endocrine system activities

its neurons produce hormones released by anterior pit.

produces regulatory hormones

autonomic control of endocrine cells in adrenal medulla

Question 6

location of pituitary gland

Answer 6

in sella turcia

Question 7

what connects the pituitary gland and hypothalamus

Answer 7

the infundibulum connects the pit gland and hypothalamus

Question 8

how many hormones are released by the anterior lobe of the pit. gland

Answer 8

7 hormones are released by the anterior of the pit. gland

Question 9

how many hormones are released by the posterior lobe of the pit. gland

Answer 9

2 hormones are released by the posterior of the pit. gland

Question 10

function of the post. pit. gland

Answer 10

hormone storage area in post. pit. gland

Question 11

where are ADH and oxytocin made, transported, stored, and released by?

Answer 11

made in hypothalamus

transported to post. pit.

stored in post. pit.

hypothalamus neuron firing causes release

Question 12

what is oxytocin released in response to

Answer 12

oxytocin is released in response to cervical/uterine stretching at end of pregnancy

Question 13

what is the oxytocin response in the uterus

Answer 13

smooth muscle contraction; labor

Question 14

what is the mammary gland response to oxytocin

Answer 14

milk let-down reflex and ejection

Question 15

what is anti-diuretic hormone ADH released in response to in the kidneys

Answer 15

greater water reabsorption

less water loss

Question 16

what is anti-diuretic hormone ADH released in response to in the hypothalamus

Answer 16

↑ thirst

Question 17

what connects the hypothalamus and ant. pit. gland

Answer 17

the hypothalamus and the ant. pit. gland are connected by the hypophyseal portal system

Question 18

what is the result of prolactin release

Answer 18

milk production by breast tissue

breast development

Question 19

when does the production of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) end

Answer 19

production of MSH usually ends before adulthood

Question 20

function of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

Answer 20

stimulated the production of melanin

Question 21

functions of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 21

regs gamete production

regs estrogen production

Question 22

functions of luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 22

triggers ovulation

↑ estrogen levels

↑ testosterone levels

Question 23

how many hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland and what are they

Answer 23

seven (7)

ACTH — adrenocorticotropic hormone

TSH — thyroid stimulating hormone

GH — growth hormone

PRL — prolactin

FSH — follicle stimulating hormone

LH — luteinizing hormone

MSH — melanin stimulating hormone

Question 24

how many hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland and what are they

Answer 24

two (2)

OXT — oxytocin

ADH — antidiuretic hormone

Question 25

other name for growth hormone (GH)

Answer 25

somatotropin

Question 26

other name for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 26

corticotropin

Question 27

what regulates adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 27

the hypothalamus CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)

Question 28

function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 28

reg release of cortisol from adrenal cortex

Question 29

what regulates growth hormone (GH)

Answer 29

GHRH and GHIH

Question 30

function of growth hormone (GH)

Answer 30

↑ protein synth ↑ mitosis (growth)

Question 31

pituitary gigantism is the result of...

Answer 31

too much growth hormone (GH) production

Question 32

to much growth hormone (GH) can cause...

Answer 32

pituitary gigantism

Question 33

too little growth hormone (GH) production can cause...

Answer 33

pituitary dwarfism

Question 34

pituitary dwarfism is the result of...

Answer 34

too little growth hormone (GH) production

Question 35

what is needed to make thyroid hormones

Answer 35

iodine and thyroglobulin are needed to make thyroid hormones

Question 36

function of thyroid gland

Answer 36

↑ basal metabolic rate body heat production enzyme/protein production

Question 37

function of thyroid follicles

Answer 37

thyroid follicles make thyroglobulin that is used for making thyroid hormone

Question 38

order of thyroid stimulus

Answer 38

stimulus → TRH → TSH → TH secretion

Question 39

how is thyroid hormone (TH) transported

Answer 39

TH transport requires proteins, thyroid binding globulins (TBGs)

Question 40

what organs are affected by thyroid hormone (TH)

Answer 40

heart and lungs

Question 41

what is the calorigenic effect of TH

Answer 41

body heat increases as cells use more energy

Question 42

what causes hypothyroidism

Answer 42

too little thyroid hormone (TH)

Question 43

result of hypothyroidism

Answer 43

hashimotos goiters (neck growth)

Question 44

what causes hyperthyroidism

Answer 44

too much thyroid hormone (TH)

Question 45

what is the result of hyperthyroidism

Answer 45

grave's disease (high metabolism, high body heat, low BMI)

Question 46

what makes calcitonin

Answer 46

C cells in thyroid gland

Question 47

C cells in thyroid gland make...

Answer 47

calcitonin

Question 48

function of C cells

Answer 48

directly monitor Ca2+ concentrations

Question 49

what directly monitors Ca2+ concentrations

Answer 49

C cells

Question 50

calcitonin is releases in response to...

Answer 50

elevated Ca2+ levels

Question 51

function of calcitonin

Answer 51

gets Ca2+ concentrations out of the body inhibits osteoclasts kidney Ca2+ excretion

Question 52

function of parathyroid (chief) cells

Answer 52

directly monitor blood Ca2+ levels produce and secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 53

effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 53

puts Ca2+ back into the body ↑ osteoclasts ↑ Ca2+ reabsorption in kidneys ↑ Ca2+ absorption in intestines

Question 54

what causes Addison's disease and the result

Answer 54

little to no cortisol from adrenal cortex weight loss, fatigue, weakness

Question 55

what causes Cushing's disease and the result

Answer 55

too much cortisol from adrenal cortex redistribution of body fat, weakness, salt retention

Question 56

main role of adrenal medulla

Answer 56

release catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) in response to sympathetic stimulation (stress, fear, excitement)

Question 57

catecholamines are another name for...

Answer 57

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 58

what is stress

Answer 58

any situation that upsets homeostasis, threatens physical and emotional well being

Question 59

what are two types of stress

Answer 59

physical and emotional

Question 60

what is the response of stress

Answer 60

release of epinephrine, fight-or-flight response, increased blood glucose and oxygen

Question 61

function and result of glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Answer 61

increased fat and protein breakdown for liver to turn into blood glucose weakened immune system

Question 62

function and result of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Answer 62

↑ sodium and water retention ↑ blood pressure

Question 63

alpha cells in pancreas secrete what and when

Answer 63

alpha cells in pancreas secrete glucagon between meals when blood glucose levels fall below normal levels

Question 64

beta cells in pancreas secrete what and when

Answer 64

beta cells in pancreas secrete insulin when blood glucose levels are above normal

Question 65

what causes diabetes mellitus

Answer 65

inadequate uptake of glucose from blood

Question 66

result of diabetes mellitus

Answer 66

hyperglycemia: high blood glucose glycosuria: glucose in urine polyuria: high urine volume

Question 67

describe type 1 diabetes mellitus

Answer 67

least common low/no insulin

Question 68

describe type 2 diabetes mellitus

Answer 68

most common related to obesity decreased insulin release or ineffectiveness

Question 69

function of gastrointestinal tract

Answer 69

produces hormones for digestion

Question 70

calcitriol is produced by...

Answer 70

the kidneys

Question 71

function of erythropoietin EPO

Answer 71

↑ RBC production

Question 72

what produces erythropoietin

Answer 72

the kidneys

Question 73

where could you find natriuretic peptides

Answer 73

the heart

Question 74

function of natriuretic peptides

Answer 74

decreases blood vol. and pressure when it increases

Question 75

function of thymosins

Answer 75

T-lymph and immune response

Question 76

where can thymosins be found

Answer 76

in the thymus

Question 77

function of leptin

Answer 77

regulates appitite and metabolism

Question 78

leptin is release by...

Answer 78

leptin is released by adipose

Question 79

what does increased adipose cause

Answer 79

early puberty and fertility

Question 80

what does decreased adipose cause

Answer 80

later puberty or stop menstruating

Question 81

function and location of acinar cells

Answer 81

secretes enzyme-rich digestive juice into duodenum exocrine pancreas

Question 82

function and location of pancreatic islets

Answer 82

alpha cells: release glucagon beta cells: release insulin endocrine pancreas

Question 83

function of glucocorticoids

Answer 83

important in stress response in response to CRH ACTH ↑ nutrients in blood

Question 84

what stimulates insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

Answer 84

growth hormone (GH) targeting liver

Question 85

effect of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

Answer 85

↑ protein synthesis ↑ mitosis, growth in tissues