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BIO 172 prof. Wells > Chapter 20 [ EXAM #3 ] > Flashcards

Chapter 20 [ EXAM #3 ] Flashcards

1
Q

what is systematic circulation

A

oxygenated blood to body and deoxygenated from body to heart

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2
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

deoxygenated blood to lungs and oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

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3
Q

what is ventricular balance

A

right and left ventricles pump same amount of blood at same time

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4
Q

intercalated discs contain these two things…

A

desmosomes and gap junctions

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5
Q

function of desmosomes

A

prevents cell separation during contraction

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6
Q

function of gap junctions

A

ions and AP pass cell to cell

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7
Q

is cardiac metabolism aerobic or anaerobic

A

cardiac metabolism is aerobic

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8
Q

what is ischemia

A

ischemia is low oxygen levels in cardiac metabolism

cannot pump blood due to low ATP

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9
Q

function of autorhythmic cardiac fibers of conducting system

A

control and coordinate heartbeat automatically

depolarize on their own

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10
Q

function of contractile muscle fibers

A

powerful contractions

responsible for heart’s pumping activity

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11
Q

function and location of sinoatrial SA node

A

pacemaker (generates AP), right atrium

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12
Q

location of atrioventricular AV node

A

floor of right atrium

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13
Q

three conducting cells

A

AV bundle

bundle branches

Purkinje fibers

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14
Q

what is prepotential (pacemaker potential)

A

gradual depolarization towards threshold due to Na+ slowly entering ~-40mV

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15
Q

why does the SA node influence atrial muscle, AV node, and ventricular muscle?

A

the SA node is the fastest of the four ~100 BPM

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16
Q

what is vagal tone and its effect

A

continuous parasympathetic stimulation

brings 100BPM from SA node to 75BPM

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17
Q

what is the benefit to the delay caused by smaller AV node fibers in comparison to SA node fibers

A

atria finishes contraction forcing blood into ventricles before the ventricles contract

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18
Q

where does the impulse go to from the AV node

A

AV node to AV bundle

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19
Q

what causes rapid depolarization

A

VGSCs open

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20
Q

what causes the plateau

A

↑ Ca2+

↓ K+

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21
Q

what causes repolarization

A

K+ flows out of cell

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22
Q

what is the absolute refractory period

A

membrane will not respond to second stimulus after AP begins

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23
Q

what is long absolute refractory period

A

contractile fibers, until relaxation depolarization begins

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24
Q

what is an electrocardiogram ECG/EKG

A

record of all heart electrical activity reflecting all APs

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25
Q

what are the three waves on EKGs

A

p wave: atria depolarize

QRS complex: ventricles depolarize

t wave: ventricles repolarize

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26
Q

what happens at the P-Q interval

A

start of atrial depolarization to start ventricular depolarization

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27
Q

what interval marks the start of atrial depolarization to start ventricular depolarization

A

what happens a the P-Q interval

28
Q

what happens at the Q-T interval

A

time from beginning of vent. depol. to end of vent. repol.

29
Q

what is bradycardia

A

too slow heart beat

30
Q

what is tachycardia

A

too fast heart beat

31
Q

what is fibrillation

A

SA node lost control of heart rhythm

32
Q

purpose of artificial pacemaker

A

generate AP

33
Q

what is cardiac cycle

A

all the events associated with one heartbeat

34
Q

what is systole

A

contraction of atria and ventricles

35
Q

what is diastole

A

relaxation of atria and ventricles

36
Q

what pressure gradient does blood flow by

A

high to low

37
Q

what is EDV end diastolic volume

A

how much blood left in ventricle after rest

38
Q

what is iso-volumetric contraction

A

contraction of ventricle with valves closed and no volume change

39
Q

what is ESV end systolic volume

A

how much blood left in ventricle after systole

40
Q

what is iso-volumetric relaxation

A

ventricles relax, valves close, no volume change

41
Q

normal EDV in ml

A

EDV = ~ 130 ml

42
Q

normal ESV in ml

A

ESV = ~ 50 ml

43
Q

what is dicrotic notch

A

breif drop in aortic pressure with backflow and semilunar valve closes

44
Q

what is the formula for stroke volume

A

EDV - ESV = stroke volume

[130] - [50] = [80ml]

45
Q

what is stroke volume

A

EDV - ESV = SV

L vent ejects ~ 80 ml blood into aorta

R vent into pulmonary trunk

during one heartbeat/cardiac cycle

46
Q

what is iso-volumetric relaxation

A

all valves closed

ventricular myocardium relaxed

ventricular pressure > atrial pressure

47
Q

when does ventricular filling occur

A

when atrial pressure > ventricular pressure

48
Q

what is auscultation

A

listening to heart with stethoscope

49
Q

what is heart murmur

A

valve problems, regurgitation of blood

50
Q

what is the formula for cardiac output

A

HR * SV = CO

51
Q

what is the average cardiac output and the formula

A

HR * SV = CO

75 * 80 = 6L/min

52
Q

what is cardiac reserve

A

[exercise CO] - [resting CO] = cardiac reserve

athletes have higher cardiac reserves

53
Q

function of autonomic NS

A

regulates heart rate and strength of contraction

54
Q

input and output of cardiovascular center in medulla oblongata

A

input: higher brain centers and sensory receptors
output: cardioacceleratory center (sympathetic) and cardioinhibitory (parasympathetic via vagus)

55
Q

↑ sympathetic activation results in…

A

↑ HR and contraction force

faster relaxation

release NE and ↑ Na+ entry → faster depol

56
Q

what is atrial reflex

A

if ↑ in venous return, right atrium stretched and cardioaccelatory center stimulated

57
Q

result of NE, Epi, and thyroid hormone

A

↑ HR and contractility

58
Q

what is preload

A

how much stretch of cardiac muscles before contraction

59
Q

what is contractility

A

force of contraction heart muscle fibers

60
Q

what is afterload

A

pressure that must be overcome for the ventricles to eject blood

61
Q

result of ↑ preload and contractility

A

↑ SV

62
Q

result of ↑ afterload

A

↓ SV

63
Q

what is the Frank-Starling principle

A

“more in - more out”

↑ EDV = ↑ SV

64
Q

what are positive inotropic agents

A

factors that ↑ contractility

65
Q

what are negative inotropic agents

A

factors that ↓ contractility

66
Q

left-side heart failure result…

A

pulmonary congestion (edema)

67
Q

right-side heart failure result…

A

peripheral congestion (edema)

BIO 172 prof. Wells (23 decks)

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