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BIO 172 prof. Wells > Chapter 20 [ EXAM #3 ] > Flashcards

Chapter 20 [ EXAM #3 ] Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

what is systematic circulation

A

oxygenated blood to body and deoxygenated from body to heart

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2
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

deoxygenated blood to lungs and oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

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3
Q

what is ventricular balance

A

right and left ventricles pump same amount of blood at same time

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4
Q

intercalated discs contain these two things…

A

desmosomes and gap junctions

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5
Q

function of desmosomes

A

prevents cell separation during contraction

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6
Q

function of gap junctions

A

ions and AP pass cell to cell

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7
Q

is cardiac metabolism aerobic or anaerobic

A

cardiac metabolism is aerobic

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8
Q

what is ischemia

A

ischemia is low oxygen levels in cardiac metabolism

cannot pump blood due to low ATP

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9
Q

function of autorhythmic cardiac fibers of conducting system

A

control and coordinate heartbeat automatically

depolarize on their own

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10
Q

function of contractile muscle fibers

A

powerful contractions

responsible for heart’s pumping activity

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11
Q

function and location of sinoatrial SA node

A

pacemaker (generates AP), right atrium

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12
Q

location of atrioventricular AV node

A

floor of right atrium

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13
Q

three conducting cells

A

AV bundle

bundle branches

Purkinje fibers

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14
Q

what is prepotential (pacemaker potential)

A

gradual depolarization towards threshold due to Na+ slowly entering ~-40mV

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15
Q

why does the SA node influence atrial muscle, AV node, and ventricular muscle?

A

the SA node is the fastest of the four ~100 BPM

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16
Q

what is vagal tone and its effect

A

continuous parasympathetic stimulation

brings 100BPM from SA node to 75BPM

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17
Q

what is the benefit to the delay caused by smaller AV node fibers in comparison to SA node fibers

A

atria finishes contraction forcing blood into ventricles before the ventricles contract

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18
Q

where does the impulse go to from the AV node

A

AV node to AV bundle

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19
Q

what causes rapid depolarization

A

VGSCs open

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20
Q

what causes the plateau

A

↑ Ca2+

↓ K+

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21
Q

what causes repolarization

A

K+ flows out of cell

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22
Q

what is the absolute refractory period

A

membrane will not respond to second stimulus after AP begins

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23
Q

what is long absolute refractory period

A

contractile fibers, until relaxation depolarization begins

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24
Q

what is an electrocardiogram ECG/EKG

A

record of all heart electrical activity reflecting all APs

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25
what are the three waves on EKGs
p wave: atria depolarize QRS complex: ventricles depolarize t wave: ventricles repolarize
26
what happens at the P-Q interval
start of atrial depolarization to start ventricular depolarization
27
what interval marks the start of atrial depolarization to start ventricular depolarization
what happens a the P-Q interval
28
what happens at the Q-T interval
time from beginning of vent. depol. to end of vent. repol.
29
what is bradycardia
too slow heart beat
30
what is tachycardia
too fast heart beat
31
what is fibrillation
SA node lost control of heart rhythm
32
purpose of artificial pacemaker
generate AP
33
what is cardiac cycle
all the events associated with one heartbeat
34
what is systole
contraction of atria and ventricles
35
what is diastole
relaxation of atria and ventricles
36
what pressure gradient does blood flow by
high to low
37
what is EDV end diastolic volume
how much blood left in ventricle after rest
38
what is iso-volumetric contraction
contraction of ventricle with valves closed and no volume change
39
what is ESV end systolic volume
how much blood left in ventricle after systole
40
what is iso-volumetric relaxation
ventricles relax, valves close, no volume change
41
normal EDV in ml
EDV = ~ 130 ml
42
normal ESV in ml
ESV = ~ 50 ml
43
what is dicrotic notch
breif drop in aortic pressure with backflow and semilunar valve closes
44
what is the formula for stroke volume
EDV - ESV = stroke volume [130] - [50] = [80ml]
45
what is stroke volume
EDV - ESV = SV L vent ejects ~ 80 ml blood into aorta R vent into pulmonary trunk during one heartbeat/cardiac cycle
46
what is iso-volumetric relaxation
all valves closed ventricular myocardium relaxed ventricular pressure > atrial pressure
47
when does ventricular filling occur
when atrial pressure > ventricular pressure
48
what is auscultation
listening to heart with stethoscope
49
what is heart murmur
valve problems, regurgitation of blood
50
what is the formula for cardiac output
HR * SV = CO
51
what is the average cardiac output and the formula
HR * SV = CO 75 * 80 = 6L/min
52
what is cardiac reserve
[exercise CO] - [resting CO] = cardiac reserve athletes have higher cardiac reserves
53
function of autonomic NS
regulates heart rate and strength of contraction
54
input and output of cardiovascular center in medulla oblongata
input: higher brain centers and sensory receptors output: cardioacceleratory center (sympathetic) and cardioinhibitory (parasympathetic via vagus)
55
↑ sympathetic activation results in...
↑ HR and contraction force faster relaxation release NE and ↑ Na+ entry → faster depol
56
what is atrial reflex
if ↑ in venous return, right atrium stretched and cardioaccelatory center stimulated
57
result of NE, Epi, and thyroid hormone
↑ HR and contractility
58
what is preload
how much stretch of cardiac muscles before contraction
59
what is contractility
force of contraction heart muscle fibers
60
what is afterload
pressure that must be overcome for the ventricles to eject blood
61
result of ↑ preload and contractility
↑ SV
62
result of ↑ afterload
↓ SV
63
what is the Frank-Starling principle
"more in - more out" ↑ EDV = ↑ SV
64
what are positive inotropic agents
factors that ↑ contractility
65
what are negative inotropic agents
factors that ↓ contractility
66
left-side heart failure result...
pulmonary congestion (edema)
67
right-side heart failure result...
peripheral congestion (edema)

BIO 172 prof. Wells (23 decks)

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