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BIO 172 prof. Wells > Chapter 13 [ EXAM #1 ] > Flashcards

Chapter 13 [ EXAM #1 ] Flashcards

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1
Q

function of spinal cord

A

conduction path to and from brain

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2
Q

what are spinal reflexes

A

rapid, automatic response triggered by different stimuli

one or more spinal segments

can occur without brain input

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3
Q

how long and wide is spinal cord

A

~18 inches long and 0.5 wide

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4
Q

what is conus medullaris

A

condensed cord ends L1 -> L2

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5
Q

what are spinal enlargements

what are the two types

A

more gray matter in segments of spinal cord dedicated to limbs

cervical enlargement: nerves to and from upper limbs

lumbar enlargement: nerves to and from lower limbs

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6
Q

where is filum terminale

A

anchored to coccyx

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7
Q

what are three spinal meninges

A

dura mater: outer-most

arachnoid mater

pia mater: inner-most

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8
Q

what is meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges (dura, arachnoid, pia)

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9
Q

functions of meninges

A

protect spinal cord from:

  • shocks, bumps, blows
  • bone contact
  • anchors spinal cord

carries blood supply, nutrients, and O2

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10
Q

space in dura mater and function

A

epidural space

filled with adipose, blood vessels

between dura mater and vertebral canal

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11
Q

what is in cranial end of dura mater

A

occipital bone periosteum

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12
Q

what occurs in lateral end of dura mater

A

fuses with spinal nerve connective tissue

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13
Q

what is arachnoid mater

A

middle layer of meninges

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14
Q

what is in arachnoid mater

A

loose collagen and elastic fibers

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15
Q

function of subarachnoid space

A

circulates CSF

contains motor and sensory components

spinal anesthesia

CSF withdrawal

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16
Q

where is dura mater

A

outermost layer

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17
Q

what forms dura mater

A

dense collagen

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18
Q

where is pia mater

A

inner most

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19
Q

is pia mater durable or delicate

A

delicate

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20
Q

what runs onto of pia mater and where

A

blood vessels in subarachnoid space

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21
Q

function and location of denticulate ligaments

A

prevent lateral movement

from pia to dura mater

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22
Q

function of pia mater

A

anchors spinal cord

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23
Q

marks left and right sides of spinal cord

A

anterior median fissure

posterior median sulcus

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24
Q

what composes white matter

A

myelinated and unmyelinated axons

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25
what composes gray matter
neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
26
what are nuclei
functional group of neuron cell bodies in spinal cord
27
describe the four nuclei in the spinal cord in order from posterior to anterior
somatic sensory visceral sensory visceral motor somatic motor
28
is sensory information processed through the ventral or dorsal gray horns?
dorsal
29
is motor information processed through the ventral or dorsal gray horns?
ventral
30
what describes axons crossing from side to side in the gray matter of the spinal cord
gray commissure
31
what are three funiculi / white columns
posterior funiculi anterior funiculi lateral funiculi
32
what describes axons crossing from side to side in the spinal cord in the white matter of the spinal cord
anterior white commissure
33
what are tracts
bundles of axons run up and down columns for communication
34
what carries sensory info up spinal cord to brain
ascending sensory tracts
35
what carries motor info down spinal cord from brain
descending motor tracts
36
what type of nerves are spinal nerves
mixed nerves afferent sensory and efferent motor
37
how are endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium organized?
endoneurium surrounds axons perineurium surrounds fascicles epineurium surrounds nerve
38
what are dermatomes
area of skin innervated by single spinal nerve
39
significance of dermatomes
spinal cord injury: determine loss of skin sensation helps identify damaged nerves shingles rash: follows dermatome of affected spinal nerve
40
name two proximal branches of spinal nerves
dorsal / posterior root ventral / anterior root
41
name two distal branches of spinal nerves
dorsal / posterior ramus | ventral / anterior ramus rami communicantes = communicating rami
42
what are roots
two bundles of axons into and out of spinal cord segment
43
function of dorsal / posterior root
sensory info into spinal cord nerves
44
what composes the dorsal / posterior root
dorsal root ganglion: sensory neuron cell bodies dorsal horns: sensory nuclei of interneurons
45
function of ventral / anterior root
motor info leaving spinal cord horns
46
function of ventral ramus
sensory and motor from/to arms, legs
47
what forms intercostal nerves
thoracic branches
48
what forms ventral rami
nerve plexuses
49
what sends and receives info from and to the guts and glands
rami communicantes
50
what are nerve plexuses
networks of nerve fibers
51
what region are motor fibers found
T1 -> L2
52
what are reflexes
automatic response to specific stimuli with little synaptic delay
53
what is reflex arc
pathway followed by nerve impulse that generates reflex opposes original stimulus
54
five steps of reflex arc
sensory receptor sensory neuron integrating center motor neuron effector
55
first step of reflex arc
sensory receptor responds to stimulus produces generator/receptor potential
56
second step of reflex arc
sensory neuron axon conducts impulses from receptor to integrating center
57
third step of reflex arc
integrating receptor region(s) within CNS that relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons
58
fourth step of reflex arc
motor neuron axon conducts impulses from integrating center to effector
59
fifth step of reflex arc
effector muscle/gland responds to motor nerve impulses
60
all five steps of reflex arc and their descriptions
1.) sensory receptor responds to stimulus produces generator/receptor potential 2.) sensory neuron axon conducts impulses from receptor to integrating center 3.) integrating receptor region(s) within CNS that relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons 4.) motor neuron axon conducts impulses from integrating center to effector 5.) effector muscle/gland responds to motor nerve impulses
61
how are reflexes classified
development motor response processing site neural circuit complexity
62
what are two developmental reflexes
innate and acquired
63
what are two motor reflexes
somatic and visceral
64
what are two site-of-info-processing reflexes
spinal and cranial
65
what are two complexity-of-neural-circuit reflexes
monosynaptic and polysynaptic
66
what is monosynaptic reflex
direct sensory to motor neuron communication minimal delay brief
67
what is polysynaptic reflex
interneurons facilitate sensory-motor communication long delay
68
a reflex that conducts on one side of the spinal cord is called...
ipsilateral
69
a reflex that conducts on both sides of the spinal cord is called...
contralateral
70
what is stretch reflex
monitors and regulates skeletal muscle length
71
stretch reflex operation
tendon is stretched stimulates muscle spindles
72
a flexor reflex is also known as a...
withdrawal reflex
73
what is reciprocal inhibition
motor neurons controlling extensors inhibited white motor neurons controlling flexors stimulated
74
give an example of crossed extensor reflex
straightens opposite legs to support body weight when stepping on a tack
75
what Babinsky sign does an infant have and what does it do
positive Babinsky reflex toes spread
76
what Babinsky sign does an adult have and what does it do
negative Babinsky reflex toes curl
77
reason for positive Babinsky reflex in adult
damage to brain or to descending tracts

BIO 172 prof. Wells (23 decks)

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