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BIO 172 prof. Wells > Chapter 24 [ EXAM #4 ] > Flashcards

Chapter 24 [ EXAM #4 ] Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

what is catabolism

A

Larger molecules broken down into smaller

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2
Q

what anabolism

A

Smaller molecules used to make larger essential molecules

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3
Q

what is peristalsis

A

involuntary, ADJACENT alternating STRONG waves of contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle to move food along

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4
Q

what is secretion

A

release of enzymes, acids, buffers, bile into GI tract

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5
Q

what is mastication

A

breaking up food into smaller pieces with teeth

incisors bite into

canines tear into

premolars chew and grind

molars chew and grind

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6
Q

what is absorption

A

passive movement of nutrients to blood or lymph

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7
Q

what is excretion/defection

A

waste, indigestible

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8
Q

what parts consist of the GI tract

A

Mouth

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestines

Large intestines

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9
Q

what is the submucousal plexus

A

sensory and motor neurons, regulates activity of glands and smooth muscle in mucosa and submucosa

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10
Q

what is the myenteric nerve plexus

A

controls GI tract motility

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11
Q

what is the enteric nerve plexus

A

submucosal and myenteric nerve plexus

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12
Q

what are the accessory organs in the digestive system

A

Teeth and tongue, gallbladder

salivary glands, liver, pancreas

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13
Q

how does motility work in the muscularis externa

A

through peristalsis and segmentation

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14
Q

what is segmentation

A

NON-ADJACENT

mixes food back and forth with digestive juices / enzymes

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15
Q

what’s the diff between serosa and adventitia

A

serosa is serous membrane in peritoneal cavity

adventitia is fibrous attachment in oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and rectum

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16
Q

what are the two kinds of sensory receptors in digestive system

A

mechanoreceptors: stretch and pressure
chemoreceptors: chemical content, osmolarity, pH

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17
Q

what nervous system will enhance secretory activity and GI motility

A

parasympathetic NS

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18
Q

what’s the diff between mechanical digestion and chem digestion

A

mechanical = physical change through mastication and tongue movement

chemical = chemical bonds broken in mouth, stomach, and small intestines

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19
Q

where is MALT located and what does it do

A

lamina propria and protects

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20
Q

what is the submucousal plexus

vs.

what is the myenteric nerve plexus

A

submucousal plexus = regulates activity of glands and smooth muscle in mucosa and submucosa

myenteric nerve plexus = controls GI tract motility

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21
Q

what dat sphincter do

A

forward movement, prevents backflow

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22
Q

what do enteroendocrine cells do

A

produce 3 hormones

Gastrin: stomach

Secretin: small intestines

CCK: small intestines

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23
Q

what are the three main hormones of digestive system

where are they from and what do they do

A

gastrin from G cells

↑ gastric juice (pepsinogen, HCl ) and stomach motility

secretin and CCK from enteroendocrine cells

Inhibit gastrin release, ↓ gastric secretion and motility, ↑ bile pancreas

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24
Q

what is the function of salivary amylase

A

starts carb/strach breakdown

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25
where is lingual lipase released and activated what is its function
lingual lipase released in mouth but activated in stomach lipid breakdown
26
define bolus
a solid rounded mass of food
27
define mucus
lubricating and protecting substance
28
what NS controls salivation explain the process of salivation
parasympathetic control stimulation of salivary nuclei • machano- and chemo- receptors ↑ PNS activity and gland secretion
29
what would happen to salivation if a strong sympathetic activation occurred
dry mouth or viscous saliva
30
what is the composition of saliva
99.4% water 0.6% dissolved solute= • ions, buffers, Abs, mucins, enzymes
31
function of saliva
lubricates mouth moistens food dissolves food chems to stim taste buds start carb digestion contain lingual lipase for lipid digestion (used in stomach)
32
** describe the events that take place within the three phases of deglutition (swallowing) and how they are controlled
1. Voluntary (buccal) phase • VOLUNTARY • controlled by cerebral cortex • bolus formed and moved toward oropharynx -------- 2. Pharyngeal phase • INVOLUNTARY • bolus arrives at oropharynx and stims swallowing reflex (tactile receptors) • bolus moves towards esophagus -------- 3. Esophageal phase • INVOLUNTARY • peristalsis pushes bolus down esophagus • gastroesophageal sphincter relaxes, food enters stomach
33
what prevents food from entering into the respiratory passages during swallowing
during pharyngeal stage swallowing reflex as bolus contacts oropharyngeal tactile receptors uvula closes off nasopharynx larynx elevates and epiglottis closes breathing temporarily inhibited
34
define rugae
storage of ingested food 2 - 4 hours, fats stay longer
35
define chyme
partially digested food mixed with gland secretions (gastric mixing)
36
role of pyloric sphincter
gastric emptying, empties chyme from stomach to small intestines
37
what are the 5 cells in the stomach wall, their function, and location
SURFACE MUCOUS CELLS = • alkaline mucus layer • protection from acid and gastric enzymes • MUCOUS NECK CELLS: produce acidic mucus ``` PARIETAL CELLS (exocrine) = • Secrete intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid • Activation of pepsinogen into active pepsin (protein digestion) ``` ``` CHIEF CELLS (exocrine) = • Secrete inactive pepsinogen and gastric lipase ``` ``` G CELLS (endocrine) • Secrete gastrin hormone into blood ```
38
why is there little absorption in the stomach
Mucus coating Lack of transport Digestion not complete Some drugs and alcohol absorbed
39
what's the diff between the gastric pit and gastric glands
gastric pit = indented epithelium gastric glands = at base of gastric pit containing parietal, chief, and G cells
40
what do parietal cells secrete and what's their function
parietal cells secrete... INTRINSIC FACTOR • B12 absorption for maturing RBCs HCl • denatures proteins • activation of pepsinogen into pepsin
41
what do surface mucous cells secrete and what's their function
alkaline mucous layer protection from acid and gastric enzymes
42
what do chief cells secrete and what's their function
secrete pepsinogen to later be activated by HCl into pepsin (protein digesting enzyme)
43
** what two things make pepsin and what cells secrete them
HCl activates pepsinogen into active pepsin parietal cells secrete HCl chief cells secrete pepsinogen
44
what makes gastrin and what does gastrin do
g cells make gastrin gastrin stimulates chief and parietal cells to make pepsinogen and HCl respectively
45
what might cause stomach (peptic) ulcers
gastritis = due to high acid / low mucous pylori bacteria = burrows through mucous
46
what is gastric mixing
mix bolus with gastric juice to form chyme
47
what is gastric emptying
empty chyme from stomach through the pyloric sphincter
48
** three phases of gastric secretion
CEPHALIC * parasympathetic NS reflex via vagus nerve * ↑ saliva * ↑ in gastric juice production * ↑ contractile force (growl) -------- GASTRIC * when bolus reaches stomach * ~2/3 gastric juice secretion and ↑ mixing * forms chyme and empties into small intestines -------- INTESTINAL * Begins when chyme enters small intestines * enterogastric reflex: protect small intestines from overload
49
describe enterogastric reflex
Duodenal stretch receptors and chemoreceptors ↓ PNS: ↓ gastric secretion and mixing ↑ symp. NS: contraction of pyloric sphincter Protect sm. Intestines from overload
50
** importance of circular folds, villi, microvilli in small intestines
Circular folds : slows chyme down, more SA:V Villi: velvety surface • Absorptive and goblet cells Microvilli: fuzzy brush-border full of enzymes for final digestion
51
role of CCK and secretin
account for most digestion in small intestines
52
what are paneth cells
enzyme defense against bacteria in small intestines
53
what are goblet cells
mucus cells
54
what happens as you move along the small intestines
fewer intestinal crypts more goblet cells more Peyer's patches
55
what are intestinal crypts
pits between villi that contain stem cells for rapid replacement
56
what are brush boarder enzymes
final breakdown in digestion of proteins lipids and carbs
57
what is gastroileal reflex
stomach distention causes movement in sm. intestine
58
function of pancreas
Secrete pancreatic juice: controlled by duodenal hormones CCK and secretin and PNS Break down all foodstuffs!
59
function of gallbladder
Stores and concentrates bile from liver released into cystic duct when stimulated by CCK
60
function of liver
Produce and excretes bile receives nutrient rich blood coming from sm. intestines
61
pancreatic juice contents
Starch digestion: Pancreatic amylase Fat digestion: Pancreatic lipase Nucleic-acid digestion: Nucleases

BIO 172 prof. Wells (23 decks)

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