Chapter 19 [ EXAM #3 ]

Question 1

three functions of blood

Answer 1

transport: gases, nutrients, hormones, waste
regulation: body temp, pH, fluid balance
protection: against toxins (WBCs and antibodies) and blood loss (platelets, proteins, clotting)

Question 2

what is erythropoiesis and what does it require

Answer 2

production of erythrocytes (RBCs)

requires amino acids, iron, vitamins

Question 3

what regulates erythropoiesis and where is it from

Answer 3

erythropoietin (EPO) from kidneys

Question 4

function of erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 4

↑ production and maturation of RBCs in red bone marrow

Question 5

what are proerythroblasts

Answer 5

future RBCs

Question 6

what is reticulocyte count

Answer 6

rate of RBCs produced

Question 7

what stimulates EPO release

Answer 7

↓ blood oxygen levels

Question 8

what is anemia

Answer 8

↓ oxygen carrying capacity in blood

Question 9

what causes anemia

Answer 9

↓ number of mature RBCs

problems with iron/hemoglobin

Question 10

does high altitudes increase or decrease oxygen availability

Answer 10

↓ availability of oxygen

Question 11

what is pneumonia

Answer 11

lung respiratory surfaces damaged

Question 12

what is blood doping

Answer 12

↑ number of RBCs in an endurance athlete to ↑ oxygen carrying capacity in blood

Question 13

what is polycythemia

Answer 13

↑ number of RBCs

Question 14

what is the lifespan and milage of mature RBCs

Answer 14

~ 120 days

~ 700 mi

Question 15

do RBCs grow or divide? yes/no? why?

Answer 15

no; no nucleus

Question 16

how are RBCs broken down

Answer 16

macrophages in spleen and liver

phagocytes in red bone marrow

Question 17

recycled hemoglobin parts are turned into there two things…

Answer 17

globin proteins

iron (carried by transferrin in bloodstream to bone marrow)

(can be stored in liver)

Question 18

what two things is heme converted into

Answer 18

biliverdin

bilirubin

Question 19

[ EXAM ESSAY QUESTION [[EZ]] ]

bilirubin is released into the ______, picked up by the ______, leaves the ______ as a part of ______ into ______

some intestinal bilirubin converted into ______ and eliminated in ______

some intestinal bilirubin converted into ______ and eliminated in ______

Answer 19

bilirubin is released into the BLOOD, picked up by the LIVER, leaves the LIVER as a part of BILE into INTESTINES

some intestinal bilirubin converted into STERCOBILINS and eliminated in FECES

some intestinal bilirubin converted into UROBILIN and eliminated in URINE

Question 20

WBC circulation steps [3]

Answer 20

1.] migrate out of bloodstream
• margination: roll along endothelium and stick
• diapedesis: squeeze between endothelial cells

2. ] capable of amoeboid movement
3. ] positive chemotaxis: attracted to specific chemical stimuli

Question 21

another name for platelets is…

Answer 21

thrombocytes

Question 22

another names for thrombocytes is…

Answer 22

platelets

Question 23

what is margination

Answer 23

WBCs roll along endothelium and stick

Question 24

what is diapedesis

Answer 24

WBCs squeeze between endothelial cells

Question 25

function of multi-CSF

Answer 25

promotes megakaryocyte formation and growth

Question 26

thrombopoietin is made by the...

Answer 26

thrombopoietin is made by the kidneys

Question 27

function of thrombopoietin

Answer 27

↑ platelet formation | ↑ megakaryocyte production

Question 28

three steps of hemostasis

Answer 28

vascular spasm: • smooth muscle contracts (vasoconstriction) platelet plug formation: • injury exposes collagen fibers that platelets adhere to • platelets release chemicals that make other platelets sticky and stick coagulation: • fibrin forms the clot, trapping RBCs and platelets

Question 29

what is hemostasis

Answer 29

blood halt, stop bleeding

Question 30

what is the von Willebrand factor

Answer 30

bridge between platelets and fibers in hemostasis

Question 31

what is the effect of aspirin in hemostasis

Answer 31

reduces risk of heart attack interferes with aggregation

Question 32

what is a blood clot

Answer 32

formed elements trapped in fibrin threads

Question 33

what are clotting factors

Answer 33

Ca2+ and 11 different proteins in blood plasma

Question 34

what is the clotting cascade

Answer 34

series of enzymatic reactions begins 30 secs post-injury forms insoluble protein: fibrin

Question 35

describe the extrinsic pathway

Answer 35

fast 15s begins in damaged tissue outside vessel damages cells release TF III TF III + Ca2+ and VII form complex activates factor X

Question 36

describe intrinsic pathway

Answer 36

long 3-6m begins in damaged tissue inside cell activation of XII (platelets release) by exposure to neg. charged collagen causes activation of XI and IX platelets release PF-3 and Ca2+, activating VIII activates factor X

Question 37

describe the clotting cascade

Answer 37

activated by intrinsic and extrinsic pathways active factor X Ca2+, PF-3 forms prothrombinase (prothrombin activator) converts prothrombin II to thrombin thrombin converts fibrinogen I to fibrin factor XIII cross links fibrin into net-like mesh

Question 38

describe positive feedback control of clotting

Answer 38

↑ production of thrombin activates platelets (reinforces aggregation)

Question 39

what is hemophilia

Answer 39

inability to form blood clots

Question 40

what is fibrinolysis

Answer 40

dissolves small inappropriate clots takes about 2 days to remove clots after repair

Question 41

what is plasminogen

Answer 41

inactive plasma put into clot during formation

Question 42

what does plasminogen get converted into

Answer 42

plasminogen gets converted into plasmin

Question 43

how does plasminogen get converted into plasmin

Answer 43

plasminogen gets converted into plasmin by thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator

Question 44

function of plasmin

Answer 44

plasmin digests fibrin strands

Question 45

normal clotting depends on this vitamin...

Answer 45

normal clotting depends on vitamin K

Question 46

anti-coagulant Coumadin interferes with vitamin...

Answer 46

anti-coagulant Coumadin interferes with vitamin K