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Anatomy > Chapter 18 The Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 18 The Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Includes the heart, the blood vessels and the blood itself

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2
Q

Systemic circulation Step 1

A

Heart pumps and creates blood pressure and then arteries carries that blood from the heart to the systems of the body, or the bodies tissues.

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3
Q

Systematic Circulation step 2

A

They begin as arteries and become smaller becoming arterials that then pass to a capillary bed. Capillary bed leaks the plasma of the blood out over the tissues and supply that tissue.

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4
Q

Systematic circulation step 3

A

Some of that plasma will be reabsorbed into the venous system and carried in progressively larger vessels. Firstly venules and then veins and be carried to the heart where the circuit begins again.

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5
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Deoxygenated blood is carried from the heart to the lungs and arteries. Lungs will oxygenate the blood and it will then travel back to the heart through the pulmonary vein.

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6
Q

Functions of the Blood

A

-supply tissues with what they need which is mostly oxygen
-remove wastes from tissues
-fight infections
-regulate pH and temperature

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7
Q

Components and properties of Blood

A

A liquid connective tissue consisting of cell and extra cellular matrix

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8
Q

Plasma of the blood

A

Matrix of blood: a clear light yellow fluid
Complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones and gases

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9
Q

Formed elements of blood

A

Blood cells and cell fragments like red and white blood cells and platelets

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10
Q

Hematocrit test

A

When you centrifuge blood to separate components
-Erythrocytes are heaviest and settle first: they are 37-52% of volume
-White blood cells and platelets are 1% total volume and are a Buffy coat
-Plasma is the rest of the volume being 47-63%

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11
Q

Serum

A

Remaining fluid when blood clots and the solids are removed
It is identical to plasma except for the absence of fibrinogen

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12
Q

3 Major categories of plasma protein: Albumins

A

Smallest and most abundant
Contributes to viscosity and osmolarity, influences blood pressure, flow and fluid balance

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13
Q

Viscosity

A

Resistance to flow. Makes blood flow at the proper speed

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14
Q

Osmolarity

A

The ability of the blood to absorb other things. Determine the ability to reabsorb water from the tissue after interstitial fluid has been leaked in to the tissue

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15
Q

3 Major categories of plasma protein: Globulins

A

Antibodies in the plasma. Antibodies will attack foreign cells
Provide immune system functions
Alpha, beta and gamma globulins

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16
Q

3 Major categories of plasma protein: Fibrinogen

A

Precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots

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17
Q

Where are plasma formed

A

They are formed by the liver
Except globulins ( produced by plasma cells )

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18
Q

Nonprotein components of Plasma: Nitrogenous compounds

A

Free amino acids (amino acids are the “building blocks” of proteins)
From dietary protein or tissue breakdown

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19
Q

Nonprotein components of Plasma: Nitrogenous compounds 2

A

Nitrogenous wastes (urea)
Toxic end products of catabolism
Normally removed by the kidneys

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20
Q

Nonprotein components of Plasma: Nutrients

A

Glucose (major one), vitamins, fats (lipids), cholesterol, phospholipids, and minerals

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21
Q

Nonprotein components of Plasma: Gases

A

Dissolved O’2, CO’2, and nitrogen

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22
Q

Nonprotein components of Plasma: Electrolytes

A

Na’+ makes up 90% of plasma cations

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23
Q

Formed elements: Erythrocytes (RBCs)

A

Disc shaped cell with a thick rim
Lose nearly all organelles during development which is why they are disc shaped
The blood type is determined by surface glycoprotein and glycolipids
Cytoskeletal proteins (spectrum and actin) give membrane durability a resilience
-they stretch and bend as they squeeze through small capillaries

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24
Q

Red blood cell form and Function

A

-gas transport (major function)
- their increased surface area increases diffusion rate of substance
-33% of cytoplasm is hemoglobin
-carbonic anhydrase (CAH) in cytoplasm

25
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

Produces carbonic acid from O’2 and water
Has an important role in gas transport and pH balance

26
Q

Hemoglobin (Hb) structure

A

A protein complex made up of 4 proteins that have been bonded together
Each Hb molecule consists of:
4 protein chains- globins
4 hem groups

27
Q

Heme groups

A

Oxygen is carried
Nonprotein moiety that binds O’2 to ferrous ion (Fe’2+) at its center

28
Q

Globins

A

4 protein chains
2 alpha and 2 beta chains
5% CO’2 in blood is globin moiety

29
Q

Erythrocyte production

A

Erythropoiesis

30
Q

Erythropoiesis: First step

A

Starts with a pluripotent stem cell and then differentiates into a erythrocyte colony forming unit (CFU). It is a committed cell at this point

31
Q

Erythropoiesis: Second step

A

CFU can now only produce erythrocytes and will go through mitosis
Creating a daughter cell called an erythroblast

32
Q

Erythropoiesis: Third step

A

The nucleus gets digested in the erythroblast and becomes a reticulocyte

33
Q

Erythropoiesis: Final step

A

Left over organelles in reticulocyte get removed in the bone marrow and creates the erythrocyte

34
Q

Nutritional needs for Erythropoiesis

A

-vitamin B’12 and folic acid
Responsible for rapid cell division and DNA synthesis that occurs in Erythropoiesis
-vitamin C and copper
Cofactors responsible for enzymes synthesizing hemoglobin
The copper is transported in the blood by an alpha globulin called ceruloplasmin

35
Q

Erythrocyte Homeostasis

A

Controlled by a negative feedback mechanism
Liver and kidney can sense drop in RBC count or oxygen levels (hypoxemia)
Kidney then produces a hormone ,erythropoiten, which stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBC

36
Q

Stimuli for increasing Erythropoiesis

A

Low levels of oxygen (hypoxemia)
High altitude
Increase on exercise
Loss of lung tissue in emphysema

37
Q

Anemia

A

When your unable to transport oxygen at the level that you need to

38
Q

Causes of Anemia: First one

A

Inadequate Erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis
Kidney failure and insufficient erythropoietin
Iron deficiency anemia
Inadequate vita,in B’12 from poor nutrition (pernicious anemia)

39
Q

Hypoplastic anemia

A

Slowing of Erythropoiesis

40
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Complete cessation of Erythropoiesis

41
Q

Causes of Anemia: Second one

A

Hemorrhagic anemias from bleeding

42
Q

Causes of Anemia: Third one

A

Hemolytic anemias from RBC destruction

43
Q

Transfusion

A

Must consider what type of antibodies the recipient would have
A person only has circulating antibodies for antigens they don’t have
Ex: type A+ will only have anti-B antibodies

44
Q

Transfusion pt 2

A

With a blood transfusion there is a donor and recipient
Donor must not have any antigens that the recipient does not have

45
Q

Hemolytic disease of newborn

A

Rh antibodies attack fetal body causing severe anemia and toxic brain syndrome

46
Q

Erythroblastosis

A

The killing of red blood cell
Happens in hemolytic disease of newborn with a Rh- mothers Rh+ second child

47
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils (60-70%)
Eosinophils (2-4%)
Basophils (<1%)

48
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes (25-33%)
Monocytes (3-8%)

49
Q

Hemostasis

A

The cessation or stopping of bleeding
Stops potential fatal leaks

50
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Excessive bleeding

51
Q

Three hemostatic mechanisms

A

Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Blood clotting (coagulation)
Platelets play an important role in all three

52
Q

Fate of Blood Clot: Clot retraction

A

Clot retraction occurs within 30 minutes

53
Q

Fate of Blood Clot: platelet derived growth factor

A

It is a mitotic stimulant for fibroblasts and smooth muscle to multiply and repair damaged vessels

It is secreted by platelets and endothelial cells

54
Q

Fate of Blood Clot: Fibrinolysis

A

Dissolution of a clot

55
Q

Prevention of inappropriate clotting: Platelet repulsion

A

Platelets don’t adhere to prostacyclin coating

56
Q

Prevention of inappropriate clotting: Thrombin dilution

A

Rapidly flowing blood
Heart slowing in shock can result in clot formation

57
Q

Prevention of inappropriate clotting: natural anticoagulants

A

Heparin (from basophil and mast cells): it interferes with formation of prothrombin activator

Antithrombin (from liver): deactivates thrombin before it can act on fibrinogen

58
Q

Clinical management of clotting

A

Aspirin suppresses clotting

Vitamin K is required for formation clotting factors

Anatomy (16 decks)

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