Chapter 19

Question 1

SEQ, CC, pre-darwinian ideas

Answer 1

Carolus Linnaeus: Created the system of naming species with two names (binomial nomenclature).

James Hutton: Proposed that the Earth changes slowly over time (Gradualism), like erosion.

Charles Lyell: Suggested that natural laws always worked the same way, meaning the Earth has always been changing (Uniformitarianism).

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: Believed species evolve by passing on traits they acquire during their lifetime.

Question 2

SEQ, HD interpret evolution by natural selection

Answer 2

Natural Selection: Organisms with advantageous traits survive and reproduce more, passing these traits on to future generations.

Four Key Components:
1. Variation in traits within a population.
2. Overproduction of offspring.
3. Struggle for survival due to limited resources.
4. Differential survival and reproduction based on traits.

Darwin’s Contribution:
Proposed natural selection as a mechanism for evolution.
Emphasized the importance of population-level changes over generations.

Question 3

CC evidence for evolution

Answer 3

Antibiotic Resistance: Natural selection observed in bacteria.

Homologous Structures: Similar traits in different species (common ancestry).

Vestigial Organs: Non-functional organs from ancestors.

Fossil Record: Shows ancient organisms and evolutionary changes.

Artificial Selection: Human-driven trait selection (dog breeding).

Evolution is a population-level process where natural selection acts on existing traits in the population.