Chapter 1A - Reverse edition Flashcards
1
Q
Definition
to enact
/ɪˈnækt/
- legislation enacted by parliament*
- European states have enacted tough economic sanctions on Iran.*
A
to pass a law
2
Q
Definition
to oust
/aʊst/
oust sb. (as sth.) : He was ousted as chairman.
oust sb. (from sth.) : The rebels finally managed to oust the government from power.
A
to force sb. out of a job or position of power, especially in order to take their place
3
Q
Definition
to convey
/kənˈveɪ/
- Colours like red convey a sense of energy and strength.*
(formal) Please convey my apologies to your wife.
A
to make ideas, feelings, etc. known to sb.
4
Q
Definition
merely
/ˈmɪəli/
It is not merely a job, but a way of life.
A
used meaning ‘only’ or ‘simply’ to emphasize a fact or sth. that you are saying
5
Q
Definition
[no passive] to underlie sth.
/ˌʌndəˈlaɪ/
It is a principle that underlies all the party’s policies.
A
(formal) to be the basis or cause of sth.
6
Q
Definition
to bear/take the brunt of sth.
/brʌnt/
Syrian citizens are bearing the brunt of the violence.
A
to receive the main force of sth. unpleasant
7
Q
Definition
elusive
/iˈluːsɪv/
- Eric, as elusive as ever, was nowhere to be found.*
- the elusive concept of ‘literature’*
A
difficult to find, define or achieve
8
Q
Definition
far-reaching
/ˌfɑː ˈriːtʃɪŋ/
The decision by the European Court will have far-reaching consequences.
A
likely to have a lot of influence or many effects
9
Q
Definition
to scorn (s.o./sth.)
/skɔːn/
- His brother had always scorned him.*
- She scorned their views as old-fashioned.*
A
to feel or show that you think sb./sth. is stupid and you do not respect them or it
10
Q
Definition
[usually passive] to outvote
/ˌaʊtˈvəʊt/
His proposal was outvoted by 10 votes to 8.
A
to defeat sb./sth. by winning a larger number of votes
11
Q
Definition
the Government
/ˈɡʌvənmənt/
abbreviation : govt
She has resigned from the Government.
A
the group of people who are responsible for controlling a country or a state
abbreviation : ?
12
Q
Definition
surveillance
/sərˈveɪləns/
The police are keeping the suspects under constant surveillance.
A
the act of carefully watching a person suspected of a crime or a place where a crime may be committed
13
Q
Definition
to acknowledge
/əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/
- Are you prepared to acknowledge your responsibility?*
- a generally acknowledged fact*
A
to accept that sth. is true
14
Q
Definition
to compel
/kəmˈpel/
The law can compel fathers to make regular payments for their children.
A
to force sb. to do sth.; to make sth. necessary
15
Q
Definition
coercion
/kəʊˈɜːʃn/
He claimed he had only acted under coercion.
A
(formal) the action of making sb. do sth. that they do not want to do, using force or threatening to use force
16
Q
Definition
power
/ˈpaʊə(r)/
A
the ability of an actor to achieve its goals
17
Q
Definition
crisis
/ˈkraɪsɪs/
plur. : crises
/ˈkraɪsiːz/
- The fever has passed its crisis.*
- Their marriage has reached crisis point.*
A
a time when a problem, a bad situation or an illness is at its worst point
plural : ?
18
Q
Definition
a commonality
/kɒməˈnalɪti/
pl. : commonalities
A commonality between all of the studies reviewed, is the propensity for street gangs to be involved with drugs.
A
the fact of sharing features or qualities
plural : ?
19
Q
Definition
[uncountable, count.] climate
/ˈklaɪmət/
a mild/temperate/warm/wet climate
A
the regular pattern of weather conditions of a particular place
20
Q
Definition
to shift (from… to/towards/toward…)
/ʃɪft/
- Public attitudes towards marriage have shifted over the past 50 years.*
- The balance of power shifted away from workers towards employers.*
- Her sympathies gradually shifted to the side of the protesters.*
A
(of a situation, an opinion, a policy etc.) to change from one state, position, etc. to another
21
Q
Definition
grievance
/ˈɡriːvəns/
Parents were invited to air (=express) their grievances at the meeting.
A
sth. that you think is unfair and that you complain or protest about
22
Q
Definition
a criterion
/kraɪˈtɪəriən/
pl. : criteria
/kraɪˈtɪəriə/
The main criterion is value for money.
A
a standard or principle by which sth. is judged; or with the help of which a decision is made
pl. : ?
23
Q
Definition
[intransitive] to argue
/ˈɑːɡjuː/
We’re always arguing with each other about money.
A
to speak angrily to sb. because you disagree with them
24
Q
Definition
to label
/ˈleɪbl/
He was labelled (as) a traitor by his former colleagues.
A
to describe sb./sth. in a particular way, especially unfairly
25
# Definition
*[transitive]* **to skew** sth.
/skjuː/
*to skew the statistics*
to distort from a true value
26
# Definition
**compelling**
/kəmˈpelɪŋ/
*Her latest book makes compelling reading.*
that makes you pay attention to it because it is so interesting and exciting
27
# Definition
**scholar**
/ˈskɒlə(r)/
*He was the most distinguished scholar in his field.*
a person who knows a lot about a particular subject because they have studied it in detail
28
# Definition
**to contend**
/kənˈtend/
_syn. :_ to maintain
/meɪnˈteɪn/
*I would contend _that_ the minister's thinking is flawed on this point.*
to argue or state earnestly
_syn. :_ ?
29
# Definition
**to envision**
/ɪnˈvɪʒn/
*They envision an equal society, free of poverty and disease.*
to imagine what a situation will be like in the future, especially a situation you intend to work towards
30
# Definition
**a disruption**
/dɪsˈrʌpʃn/
*The strike caused serious disruptions.*
the act of stopping sth. from continuing in the normal way
31
# Definition
**tentative**
/ˈtentətɪv/
_syn. :_ hesitant
/ˈhezɪtənt/
*Her English is correct but tentative.*
not behaving or done with confidence
_syn. :_ ?
32
# Definition
**to follow through** (with sth.)
/ˈfɒləʊ θruː/
*We must be prepared to follow through with that threat if everything else fails.*
to finish sth. that you have started
33
# Definition
**extent**
/ɪkˈstent/
*It is difficult to assess the full extent of the damage.*
how large, important, serious, etc. sth. is
34
# Definition
**to topple** (s.o./sth.)
/ˈtɒpl/
_syn. :_ to overthrow
*a plot to topple the President*
to make sb. lose their position of power or authority
_syn. :_ ?
35
# Definition
*[usually plural]* **finding**
/ˈfaɪndɪŋ/
* The findings of the commission will be published today.*
* These findings suggest that there is no direct link between unemployment and crime.*
information that is discovered as the result of research into sth.
36
# Definition
**to bear out**
/'beə(r) aʊt/
*The theory that free trade would increase prosperity was borne out in the postwar economic boom.*
to show that sb. is right or that sth. is true
37
# Definition
**to alleviate**
/əˈliːvieɪt/
_syn. :_ to ease
/iːz/
* to alleviate suffering*
* A number of measures were taken to alleviate the problem.*
to make sth. less severe
_syn. :_ ?
38
# Definition
**a view**
/vjuː/
*He has an optimistic view of life.*
a way of understanding or thinking about sth.
39
# Definition
**to comprise**
/kəmˈpraɪz/
_syn. :_ consist of
/kənˈsɪst əv/
* The collection comprises 327 paintings.*
* The committee is comprised of representatives from both the public and private sectors.*
to have sb./sth. as parts or members
_syn. :_ ?
40
# Definition
**agreement**
/əˈɡriːmənt/
* an international peace agreement*
* The agreement (= the document recording the agreement) was signed during a meeting at the UN.*
an arrangement, a promise or a contract made with sb.
41
# Definition
**causal**
/ˈkɔzl/
*the causal relationship between poverty and disease*
connected with the relationship between two things, where one causes the other to happen
42
# Definition
**to pursue**
/pəˈsjuː/
* Certain goals are worth pursuing*
* She wishes to pursue a medical career.*
to find or employ measures to obtain or accomplish sth.
43
# Definition
**lending**
/ˈlendɪŋ/
*Lending by banks rose to $10 billion last year.*
the act of giving money to sb. on condition that they pay it back over a period of time and pay interest on it.
44
# Definition
**dubious**
/ˈdjuːbiəs/
*She had the dubious honour of being the last woman to be hanged in England* (= it was not an honour at all).
that you cannot be sure about; that is probably not good
45
# Definition
**unrest**
/ʌnˈrest/
* industrial/civil/social/political/popular unrest*
* There is growing unrest in the south of the country.*
a political situation in which people are angry and likely to protest or fight
46
# Definition
**to monitor**
/ˈmɒnɪtə(r)/
*We were warned by a friend in the government that our phone calls were being monitored.*
to listen to telephone calls, foreign radio broadcasts, etc. in order to find out information that might be useful
47
# Definition
**to speak out**
/'spiːk aʊt/
*He was the only one to speak out against the decision.*
to state your opinions publicly, especially in opposition to sth. and in a way that takes courage
48
# Definition
*[countable, uncount.]* **compulsion**
/kəmˈpʌlʃn/
* There are no compulsions on students to attend classes.*
* The legal system is based on compulsion.*
*(formal)* strong pressure that makes sb. do sth. that they do not want to do
49
# Definition
**to promote**
/prəˈməʊt/
*policies to promote economic growth*
to help sth. to happen or develop
50
# Definition
**significance**
/sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns/
*a decision of major political significance*
the importance of sth., especially when this has an effect on what happens in the future
51
# Definition
**to scrutinize**
/ˈskruːtənaɪz/
*The statement was carefully scrutinized before publication.*
to look at or examine sb./sth. carefully
52
# Definition
**prominent**
/ˈprɒmɪnənt/
_syn. :_ noticeable
/ˈnəʊtɪsəbl/
*The church tower was a prominent feature in the landscape.*
easily seen
_syn. :_ ?
53
# Definition
*[uncountable]* **ethnic cleansing**
/ˌeθnɪk ˈklenzɪŋ/
*He described the tragic plight of the victims of ethnic cleansing.*
the policy of forcing the people of a particular race or religion to leave an area or a country
54
# Definition
**starkly**
/ˈstɑːkli/
*The interior is starkly simple.*
*(often disapproving)* in a way that looks severe because it has no colour or decoration
55
# Definition
*[countable, uncount.]* **policy** (on sth.)
/ˈpɒləsi/
_plur. :_ policies
* The company has adopted a firm policy on shoplifting.*
* US foreign/domestic policy*
a plan of action agreed or chosen by a political party, a business, etc.
_plural :_ ?
56
# Definition
**an outcome**
/ˈaʊtkʌm/
*We are waiting to hear the final outcome of the negotiations.*
the result or effect of an action or event
57
# Definition
**a combatant**
/ˈkɒmbətənt/
*He was involved in the war, but not as a combatant.*
a person or group involved in fighting in a war or battle
58
# Definition
**to grapple**
/ˈɡræpl/
*A government trying to grapple _with_ inflation.*
to try hard to find a solution to a problem
59
# Definition
**to crop up**
/krɒp ʌp/
_syn. :_ to come up
/kʌm ʌp/
* His name just cropped up in conversation.*
* I'll be late—something's cropped up at home.*
to appear or happen, especially when it is not expected
_syn. :_ ?
60
# Definition
**to spur**
/spɜː(r)/
* Her difficult childhood spurred her on to succeed.*
* My trainer spurred me to keep up a pace of four miles an hour.*
to encourage sb. to do sth. or to encourage them to try harder to achieve sth.
61
# Definition
**to assess**
/əˈses/
*It's difficult to assess the effects of these changes.*
to make a judgement about the nature or quality of sb./sth.
62
# Definition
*[transitive, intr.]* **to overlap**
/ˌəʊvəˈlæp/
*A fish’s scales overlap each other*
if one thing ... another, or the two things ..., part of one thing covers part of the other
63
# Definition
**to bewilder**
/bɪˈwɪldə(r)/
*She was totally bewildered by his sudden change of mood.*
to perplex or confuse sb., especially by a complexity, variety, or multitude of objects or considerations
64
# Definition
*[intransitive]* **to appeal**
/əˈpiːl/
*They needed to appeal to his sense of justice.*
to try to persuade sb. to do sth. by suggesting that it is a fair, reasonable or honest thing to do
65
# Definition
*[uncountable, plural]* **data**
/ˈdeɪtə/
* This data was collected from 69 countries.*
* raw data (= that has not been analysed)*
facts or information, especially when examined and used to find out things or to make decisions
66
# Definition
**to coordinate** sth.
/kəʊˈɔːdɪneɪt/
*They appointed a new manager to coordinate the work of the team.*
to organize the different parts of an activity and the people involved in it so that it works well
67
# Definition
**insurgency**
/ɪnˈsɜːdʒənsi/
_syn. :_ rebellion
/rɪˈbeljən/
*The government faces continuing insurgency in the north-east.*
an attempt to take control of a country by force
_syn. :_ ?
68
# Definition
**to prompt**
/prɒmpt/
_prompt s.o. to do sth._ *: The thought of her daughter's wedding day prompted her to lose some weight.*
_prompt sth._ *: The discovery of the bomb prompted an increase in security.*
to make sb. decide to do sth. ; to cause sth. to happen
69
# Definition
*[usually singular]* **quandary**
/ˈkwɒndəri/
_plur. :_ quandaries
_syn. :_ dilemma
/dɪˈlemə/
*George was in a quandary—should he go or shouldn't he?*
the state of not being able to decide what to do in a difficult situation
_plur. :_ ?
_syn. :_ ?
70
# Definition
**theory**
/ˈθɪəri/
*According to the theory of relativity, nothing can travel faster than light.*
a formal set of ideas that is intended to explain why sth. happens or exists
71
# Definition
**to stand aside**
/stænd əˈsaɪd/
*She stood aside to let us pass.*
to move to one side
72
# Definition
**to condone** (sth./s.o. doing sth.)
/kənˈdəʊn/
*Terrorism can never be condoned.*
to accept behaviour that is morally wrong or to treat it as if it were not serious
73
# Definition
**computational**
/ˌkɒmpjuˈteɪʃənl/
*They have been assisted in their task by an expert in computational and mathematical issues*
using or connected with computers
74
# Definition
**vexing**
/ˈveksɪŋ/
*a vexing problem*
*(old-fashioned or formal)* difficult or delicate
75
# Definition
**to tear apart** sth.
/teə(r) əˈpɑːt/
*They tore the room apart, looking for money.*
to search a place, making it look untidy and causing damage
_syn. :_ ?
76
# Definition
*[countable]* **a certainty**
/ˈsɜːtnti/
* political/moral certainties*
* Her return to the team now seems a certainty.*
a thing that is true, that is considered to be true
77
# Definition
**outbreak**
/ˈaʊtbreɪk/
*the events that led to the outbreak of World War I*
the sudden start of sth. unpleasant, especially violence or a disease
78
# Definition
**a set**
/set/
* a set of six chairs*
* a new set of rules to learn*
a group of similar things that belong together in some way
79
# Definition
**either**
/ˈaɪðə(r)/ ou /ˈiːðə(r)/
*You can park on either side of the street.*
one or the other of two
80
# Definition
*[intransitive]* **to behave** + adv./prep.
/bɪˈheɪv/
* The doctor behaved very unprofessionally.*
* He behaved like a true gentleman.*
to do things in a particular way
81
# Definition
**rather**
/ˈrɑːðə(r)/
*The walls were not white, but rather a sort of dirty grey.*
used to introduce an idea that is different or opposite to the idea that you have stated previously
82
# Definition
**to warrant**
/ˈwɒrənt/
_syn. :_ to justify
/ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ/
*They do not consider the case serious enough to warrant a government enquiry.*
*(formal)* to make sth. necessary or appropriate in a particular situation
_syn. :_ ?
83
# Definition
**fulfilment**
/fʊlˈfɪlmənt/
*the fulfilment of a dream (br)*
the act of doing or achieving what was hoped for or expected
84
# Definition
**plausible**
/ˈplɔːzəbl/
_opp. :_ implausible
/ɪmˈplɔːzəbl/
*The only plausible explanation is that he forgot.*
*(of an excuse or explanation)* reasonable and likely to be true
_opp. :_ ?
85
# Definition
*[countable, uncount.]* **insight** into sth.
/ˈɪnsaɪt/
*The book gives us fascinating insights into life in Mexico.*
an understanding of what sth. is like
86
# Definition
*[countable]* **supply**
/səˈplaɪ/
*Supplies of food are almost exhausted.*
an amount of sth. that is provided or available to be used
87
# Definition
**bystander**
/ˈbaɪstændə(r)/
*Three innocent bystanders were killed in the crossfire.*
a person who sees sth. that is happening but is not involved
88
# Definition
**overall**
/ˌəʊvərˈɔːl/
*this overall increase masks different developments within that period.*
including all the things or people that are involved in a particular situation ; general
89
# Definition
**a pattern**
/ˈpætn/
* changing patterns of behaviour*
* The murders all seem to follow a pattern (= happen in the same way).*
the regular way in which sth. happens or is done
90
# Definition
**to lend**
/lend/
*Has he returned that book you lent him?*
to give sth. to sb. or allow them to use sth. that belongs to you, which they have to return to you later
91
# Definition
*[uncountable]* **evidence**
/ˈevɪdəns/
*We found further scientific evidence for this theory.*
the facts, signs or objects that make you believe that sth. is true
92
# Definition
**to assert**
/əˈsɜːt/
*She continued to assert her innocence/that she was innocent.*
to state clearly and firmly that sth. is true
93
# Definition
**methodology**
/ˌmeθəˈdɒlədʒi/
*recent changes in the methodology of language teaching*
a set of principles, strategies or practical steps used to perform a particular activity
94
# Definition
*[countable, uncount.]* **aggregation**
/ˌæɡrɪˈɡeɪʃn/
*the aggregation of data*
*(formal)* the act of putting together different items, amounts, etc. into a single group or total
95
# Definition
*[usually plural]* **essential**
/ɪˈsenʃl/
*the essentials of English grammar*
an important basic fact or piece of knowledge about a subjet
96
# Definition
*[usually before noun]* **ongoing**
/ˈɒnɡəʊɪŋ/
* an ongoing process*
* The police investigation is ongoing.*
continuing to exist or develop
97
# Definition
*[usually singular]* **a puzzle**
/ˈpʌzl/
_syn. :_ mystery
/ˈmɪstri/
*They are trying to solve the puzzle of how gravity works.*
a mysterious situation in which it is not easy to understand all the causes of what is happening; a complicated problem
_syn. :_ ?
98
# Definition
**to work out**
/wɜːkˈaʊt/
*Things have worked out quite well for us.*
to develop in a successful way
99
# Definition
The Great War
The First World War
World War One
How to pronounce WW I ?
100
# Definition
**purpose**
/ˈpərpəs/
*The purpose of the State intervention is to speed up the restructuring of the industry.*
the goals that actors pursue, including the notion of « national interest »
