Révision 2 anglais Flashcards
1
Q
an increase in an amount, a number, or a level
A
[countable] rise
/raɪz/
- a tax rise*
- The industry is feeling the effects of recent price rises.*
rise in sth. There has been a sharp rise in the number of people out of work.
rise of sth. a rise of 10 per cent
2
Q
(especially British English) at or to a greater distance
origin: ?
also: ?
A
further
/ˈfɜːðə(r)/
origin: comparative of far
also: farther
/ˈfɑːðə(r)/
- We had walked a bit further than I had realized.*
- The hospital is further down the road.*
- Can you stand a bit further away?*
3
Q
a written or spoken description of sth. that has happened
A
account
/əˈkaʊnt/
- a first-hand/personal/first-person account*
- an eyewitness account* (= a description given by sb. who saw what happened)
account of sth. Can you give us an account of what happened?
The diaries contained detailed accounts of the writer’s experiences in China.
4
Q
(formal) to claim to be sth. or to have done sth., when this may not be true.
(formal) syn.: ?
A
to purport (to be/have sth.)
/pəˈpɔːt/
(formal) syn.: to profess
/prəˈfes/
- They purport to represent the wishes of the majority of parents at the school.*
- The man purported to be the owner.*
- The study purports to show an increase in the incidence of the disease.*
5
Q
a belief or feeling that sth. is true or that sth. will happen, although there is no proof
A
[countable] assumption
/əˈsʌmpʃn/
- an underlying/implicit assumption*
- It was impossible to make assumptions about people’s reactions.*
- We are working on the assumption that everyone invited will turn up.*
6
Q
to keep a permanent account of facts or events by writing them down, filming them, storing them in a computer, etc.
A
[transitive] to record
/’rɪkɔːd/
to record sth. You should record all your expenses during your trip.
to record how, what, etc… His job is to record how politicians vote on major issues.
to record that… She recorded in her diary that they crossed the Equator on 15 June.
it is recorded that… It is recorded that, by the year 630, four hundred monks were attached to the monastery.
7
Q
to show sb./sth. in a picture; to describe sb./sth. in a piece of writing
(rather formal) syn.: ?
A
to portray sb./sth.
/pɔːˈtreɪ/
(rather formal) syn.: to depict
/dɪˈpɪkt/
- The painting portrays the duke’s third wife.*
- He was one of the first to portray animals from the New World.*
- His war poetry vividly portrays life in the trenches.*
8
Q
(of a country’s currency or economy) to become stronger; to make sb./sth. stronger
noun (the fact to become stronger): ?
opp.: ?
A
[transitive, intr.] to strengthen
/ˈstreŋθn/
noun (the fact to become stronger): strengthening
/ˈstreŋkθnɪŋ/
opp.: to weaken
/ˈwiːkən/
to strengthen (against sth.) Yesterday the pound strengthened against the dollar.
The fall in unemployment is a sign of a strengthening economy.
to strengthen sth. The measures should help create jobs and strengthen the economy.
9
Q
(formal) to happen
A
[intransitive] to occur
/əˈkɜː(r)/
- When exactly did the incident occur?*
- Something unexpected occurred.*
- Three major events occurred in my life that year.*
10
Q
according to what other people say
syn.: ?
A
from all accounts
/frəm ɔːl əˈkaʊnts/
syn.: by all accounts
/baɪ ɔːl əˈkaʊnts/
- In truth, the real Buddha was North Indian, and from all accounts he was tall and most likely had a very slim physique.*
- Mr President, from all accounts, the human rights situation in China has deteriorated considerably.*
- I’ve never been there, but it’s a lovely place, by all accounts.*
11
Q
to be different from sth., when the two things should be the same
syn.: ?
A
to be at odds (with sth.)
/bi ət ɒdz/
syn.: to conflict
/ˈkɒnflɪkt/
- These findings are at odds with what is going on in the rest of the country.*
- This perception of the record is, however, somewhat at odds with the facts.*
12
Q
a new event or stage that is likely to affect what happens in a continuing situation
A
[countable] development
/dɪˈveləpmənt/
- Have there been any further developments?*
- We welcome the recent positive developments.*
development in sth. the latest developments in the war
13
Q
(adv.; formal) for this reason
A
hence
/hens/
- We suspect they are trying to hide something, hence the need for an independent inquiry.*
- These screws are more robust and hence last longer.*
- The contract is signed, hence it is valid.*
14
Q
to continue over a period of time
A
[intransitive] to stretch + adv./prep.
/stretʃ/
- The town’s history stretches back to before 1500 (fifteen hundred).*
- The training stretches over a period of 16 months.*
- The talks look set to stretch into a second week.*
15
Q
(formal) to begin to exist or develop
A
[intransitive] to arise
/əˈraɪz/
- Several new industries arose in the town.*
- Problems arise when kids leave school.*
- Heavy Metal music really arose in the late 60s.*
16
Q
sth. that you say or write that gives information or an opinion
A
[countable] statement
/ˈsteɪtmənt/
- Are the following statements true or false ?*
- The article contained several false statements.*
- He made a rather misleading statement.*
statement about sth. I didn’t agree with her statement about education.
17
Q
an explanation that includes the general points about sth., but not the details
A
overview
/ˈəʊvəvjuː/
- The opening chapter gives a brief historical overview of the subject.*
- The seminar aims to provide an overview on new media publishing.*
- My main concern is to get an overview of the main environmental problems facing the area.*
18
Q
slowly, over a long period of time
A
gradually
/ˈɡrædʒuəli/
- to gradually increase/decrease*
- Gradually, the children began to understand.*
- Women have gradually become more involved in the decision-making process.*
19
Q
to some extent but not very
A
[before adjectives and adverbs] fairly
/ˈfeəli/
(before an adj.) I know him fairly well, but I wouldn’t say we were really close friends.
This is a fairly common problem.
(before an adv.) I go jogging fairly regularly.
We’ll have to leave fairly soon (= before very long).
20
Q
not exact; not including all details
syn.: ?
A
rough
/rʌf/
syn.: approximate
/əˈprɒksɪmət/
- a rough calculation/estimate of the cost*
- I’ve got a rough idea of where I want to go.*
- We only had his rather rough version of events.*
21
Q
a person or thing that came before and influenced sb./sth. else that is similar; a sign of what is going to happen; an indication beforehand of sth. to follow
A
forerunner (of sb./sth.)
/ˈfɔːrʌnə(r)/
- Country music was undoubtedly one of the forerunners of rock and roll.*
- He is recognized as the forerunner of all modern-day British Prime Ministers.*
- An early penalty goal proved the forerunner of a disastrous performance by Scotland.*
22
Q
to mention sth. for people to discuss or sb. to deal with
syn.: ?
A
to raise
/reɪz/
syn.: to broach
/brəʊtʃ/
- The book raises many important questions.*
- I have raised this issue with the environmental health office.*
- Local residents have raised concerns about late-night noise.*
23
Q
(formal) to make a feeling or situation exist
A
to engender sth.
ɪnˈdʒendə(r)/
- The issue engendered controversy.*
- problems engendered by the restructuring of the company*
- The place engendered immediate feelings of friendship and belonging.*
24
Q
to give up sth./sb. when you are forced to
(formal) syn.: ?
A
to surrender sth
/səˈrendə(r)/
(formal) syn.: to relinquish
/rɪˈlɪŋkwɪʃ/
to surrender sb./sth. The defendant was released to await trial but had to surrender her passport.
to surrender sb./sth. to sb. They surrendered their guns to the police.
The dictator surrendered power to Parliament.
25
careful when dealing with sb./sth. because you think that there may be a danger or problem
_comparative, superlative:_ ?
_syn.:_ ?
_opp.:_ ?
**wary** (of sb./sth.)
/ˈweəri/
_comparative, superlative:_ warier, wariest
_syn.:_ cautious
/ˈkɔːʃəs/
_opp.:_ *[only before noun]* unwary
/ʌnˈweəri/
* He gave her a wary look.*
* The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town* (= watch it carefully, in case there is trouble).
***wary (of sb./sth.)** Be wary of strangers who offer you a ride.*
***wary (of doing sth.)** She was wary of getting involved with him.*
26
right or appropriate for a particular purpose or occasion and acceptable for it
_opp.:_ ?
**suitable**
/ˈsuːtəbl/
_opp.:_ unsuitable
/ʌnˈsuːtəbl/
*a suitable candidate*
***suitable for sb./sth.** This programme is not suitable for children.*
***suitable to do sth.** I don't have anything suitable to wear for the party.*
27
a disagreement or difference in opinion, way of life, etc., especially between members of a society or an organization
*[countable, uncount.]* **division**
/dɪˈvɪʒn/
*class/racial/ethnic divisions*
***division (in sth.) (over sth.)** There are deep divisions in the party over the war.*
***division within sth.** the work of healing the divisions within society*
***division between A and B.** divisions between rich and poor*
***division among sb./sth.** He hopes to heal divisions among his people.*
28
a particular attitude towards sth.; a way of thinking about sth.
_syn.:_ ?
*[countable]* **perspective**
/pəˈspektɪv/
_syn.:_ viewpoint
/ˈvjuːpɔɪnt/
* A historical perspective may help us understand the issue.*
* The aim is to offer a fresh perspective.*
***from a… perspective.** Try to see the issue from a different perspective.*
***from the perspective of sb./sth.** a report that looks at the education system from the perspective of deaf people*
***perspective on sth.** The exhibition provides us with a unique perspective on her work.*
29
to control and use the force or strength of sth. to produce power or to achieve sth.
**to harness** (sth.)
/ˈhɑːnɪs/
* attempts to harness the sun’s rays as a source of energy*
* We must harness the skill and creativity of our workforce*
* How can this energy be harnessed effectively for the good of humankind?*
30
in every way that is important; completely
**fundamentally**
/ˌfʌndəˈmentəli/
* The two approaches are fundamentally different.*
* By the 1960s the situation had changed fundamentally.*
* They remained fundamentally opposed to the plan.*
31
to become different; to make sb./sth. different
*[transitive, intr.]* **to alter**
/ˈɔːltə(r)/
* Prices did not alter significantly during 2014.*
* He had altered so much I scarcely recognized him.*
***to alter sb./sth.** He has the power to fundamentally alter the course of history.*
*Fame hasn't really altered her.*
32
to affect or be relevant to sth.; to concern or relate to sb./sth.
*[not used in the progressive tenses; transitive, intr.]* **to apply**
/əˈplaɪ/
*Special conditions apply if you are under 18.*
***to apply to sb./sth.*** *The rules applied to employees and their behaviour at work.*
*What I am saying applies only to some of you.*
***to apply sth. to sb./sth.** The word ‘unexciting’ could never be applied to her novels.*
33
very suddenly and to a very great and often surprising degree
**dramatically**
/drəˈmætɪkli/
* Prices have increased dramatically in the last few years.*
* Events could have developed in a dramatically different way.*
* Since then the situation has changed dramatically.*
34
*(formal)* as a result of sth. just mentioned
_syn.:_ ?
_*(formal)* syn.:_ ?
**thus**
/ðʌs/
_syn.:_ therefore
/ˈðeəfɔː(r)/
_*(formal)* syn.:_ hence
/hens/
* He is the eldest son and thus heir to the title.*
* We do not own the building. Thus, it would be impossible for us to make any major changes to it.*
35
the general health, happiness and safety of a person, an animal or a group
*[uncountable]* **welfare**
/ˈwelfeə(r)/
* We are concerned about the child's welfare.*
* The government's policies will promote the welfare of all citizens.*
* Animal welfare groups want this practice banned altogether.*
36
*(adv.)* despite what has just been said
_syn.:_ ?
**yet**
/jet/
_syn.:_ nevertheless
/ˌnevəðəˈles/
* It's a small car, yet it's surprisingly spacious.*
* He has a good job, and yet he never seems to have any money.*
37
apart from that; except for what has just been referred to
**otherwise**
/ˈʌðəwaɪz/
* There was some music playing upstairs. Otherwise the house was silent.*
* He was slightly bruised but otherwise unhurt.*
* The bike needs a new wheel, but otherwise it's in good condition.*
38
a wide and open area of sth., especially land or water
*[countable]* **expanse** (of sth.)
/ɪkˈspæns/
* flat expanses of open farmland*
* a wide/vast expanse of blue sky*
* the white expanses of the frozen north*
39
a problem or worry that sb. has with sth.
*[countable]* **issue**
/ˈɪʃuː/
*Money is not an issue.*
***issue about/around sb./sth.** She's always on a diet—she has issues about food.*
***issue with sb./sth.** He still has some issues with women* (= has some problems dealing with them).
40
*(formal)* to exist or be found somewhere
*[intransitive]* **to occur** (+ adv./prep.)
/əˈkɜː(r)/
* Sugar occurs naturally in fruit.*
* naturally occurring chemicals in the brain*
* Lemurs* (/ˈliːmə(r)/) *occur in the wild only in Madagascar.*
41
to make sth. easier to notice
_*(US English)* also:_ ?
**to emphasise**
/ˈemfəsaɪz/
_*(US English)* also:_ to emphasize
* The rising tone of his voice emphasised his panic.*
* She swept her hair back from her face to emphasize her high cheekbones.*
42
a method or an idea that seems likely to have a particular result
_syn.:_ ?
**recipe** (for sth.)
/ˈresəpi/
_syn.:_ formula
/ˈfɔːmjələ/
* To live every day to the full is a recipe for happiness.*
* His plans are a recipe for disaster.*
* It's the perfect recipe for business success.*
43
events that are of public interest or political importance
*[plural]* **affairs**
/əˈfeə(r)z/
* world/international/business affairs*
* internal/external affairs*
* an expert on foreign affairs*
* We are expecting a statement from the home affairs* (= political events in your own country) *spokesman.*
44
to help sth. to develop or be successful
**to further** sth.
/ˈfɜːðə(r)/
* She took the new job to further her career.*
* They hoped the new venture would further the cause of cultural cooperation in Europe.*
* We are committed to furthering the interests of our members.*
45
to continue without changing
**to go on**
/ɡəʊ ɒn/
* This cannot be allowed to go on.*
* We can't go on like this—we seem to be always arguing.*
* How much longer will this hot weather go on for?*
46
to make sth. known formally
**to issue**
/ˈɪʃuː/
***to issue sth.** to issue an apology*
*They issued a joint statement denying the charges.*
***to issue sth. to sb.** The president has the authority to issue orders to the military.*
47
all through the year
**year-round**
/ˌjɪə ˈraʊnd/
* an island with year-round sunshine*
* The store is open year-round.*
* Much of Stratford's labour force is employed in year round industry such as retail trade, manufacturing, health and social services, and government services.*
48
*[usually before noun]* not very large, important or serious
_opp.:_ ?
**minor**
/ˈmaɪnə(r)/
_opp.:_ major
/ˈmeɪdʒə(r)/
* The new plan involves widening a minor road through the valley.*
* Both the driver and the passenger suffered minor injuries.*
* youths imprisoned for minor offences*
49
extremely shocking; extremely unpleasant and unacceptable
_syn.:_ 2
**horrendous**
/həˈrendəs/
_syn.:_ horrific, horrifying
/həˈrɪfɪk/ , /ˈhɒrɪfaɪɪŋ/
* She had sustained horrendous injuries.*
* The police officer said the attack was the most horrendous he had ever seen.*
* The conditions in the camp were absolutely horrendous.*
50
to express or symbolise an idea or a quality
_syn.:_ ?
**to embody**
/ɪmˈbɒdi/
_syn.:_ to represent
/ˌreprɪˈzent/
***to embody sth.** a politician who embodied the hopes of black youth*
*We want to build a national team that embodies competitive spirit and skill*
***to be embodied in sth.** the principles embodied in the Declaration of Human Rights*
51
a feeling of anger or unhappiness about sth. that you think is unfair
*[uncountable, singular]* **resentment** (towards/against sb./sth.)
/rɪˈzentmənt/
* to feel/harbour/bear resentment towards/against somebody*
* She could not conceal the deep resentment she felt at the way she had been treated.*
* The measures fuelled resentment among students.*
52
to prevent sb. from making progress in an activity
**to bog down**
/ˈbɑɡˈdɑʊn/
* We mustn't get bogged down in details.*
* It will simply bog down the courts.*
* Perfectionists may bog down in the details of the decision-making process.*
53
to influence sth. or cause it to make progress
*[transitive]* **to drive** (sth.)
/draɪv/
* This is the main factor driving investment in the area.*
* A key factor driving growth was the launch of convenient* (= useful, easy or quick to do) *products.*
* The dairy products market will also be driven by consumer demand.*
54
to make changes to sth. such as the borders of a country or region, a plan, an arrangement, etc.
**to redraw** sth.
/ˌriːˈdrɔː/
* After the war the map of Europe was redrawn.*
* to redraw the boundaries between male and female roles in the home*
* The treaty redrew the country's borders.*
55
to say that you disagree with, disapprove of or oppose sth.
*[intransitive]* **to object**
/əbˈdʒekt/
*If nobody objects, we'll postpone the meeting till next week.*
***to object to sb./sth.*** *Many local people object to the building of the new airport.*
***to object to doing sth.** I really object to being charged for parking.*
***to object to sb. doing sth.** Who could object to people having fun?*
56
*(formal)* to discuss sth. with sb., in order to exchange opinions or get advice
*[intransitive]* **to confer** (with s.o.; on/about sth.)
/kənˈfɜː(r)/
* They conferred privately before making a decision.*
* He wanted to confer with his colleagues before reaching a decision.*
* I need some time to confer with my lawyer.*
57
*(US./brit. English; of support or people)* to succeed in encouraging people to take action, especially political action or prepare to take action.
_*(British English)* also:_ ?
_syn.:_ ?
**to mobilize**
/ˈməʊbəlaɪz/
_*(British English)* also:_ to mobilise
_syn.:_ to rally
/ˈræli/
* The unions mobilized thousands of workers in a protest against the cuts.*
* They successfully mobilized public opinion against him.*
* Faced with crisis, people mobilized.*
58
*(formal)* less important than sth. else
**subservient** (to sth.)
/səbˈsɜːviənt/
* The needs of individuals were subservient to those of the group as a whole.*
* Every consideration was subservient to the overriding need to cut costs.*
* The woman's needs are seen as subservient to the group interest.*
59
to ask sb. for sth.; to try to obtain or achieve sth.
**to seek**
/siːk/
***to seek sth.** He intends to seek custody of the children.*
*We are currently seeking new ways of expanding our membership.*
***to seek sth. from sb.** She managed to calm him down and seek help from a neighbour.*
***(British English) to seek for sth./sb.** They came seeking for the truth.*
60
more serious or severe
_comparative of:_ ?
**worse**
/wɜːs/
_comparative of:_ bad
/bæd/
* The crisis was getting worse and worse.*
* Could things get any worse?*
* Never mind—it could be worse* (= although the situation is bad, it is not as bad as it might have been).
***worse than (doing) sth.** The situation was worse than he had imagined.*
61
the act of agreeing with sth. and approving of it
**acceptance**
/əkˈseptəns/
* The new laws have gained widespread acceptance.*
* society's acceptance of homosexuality*
* The Assembly voted against acceptance of constitutional reform.*
62
to add sth. to sth. in order to improve it or make it more complete
**to supplement**
/ˈsʌplɪment/
***to supplement sth. with sth.** a diet supplemented with vitamin pills*
***to supplement sth.** He supplements his income by giving private lessons.*
*I take private lessons to supplement my knowledge.*
63
very cold
**frigid**
/ˈfrɪdʒɪd/
* frigid air*
* They travelled over frigid lands.*
* We have lived so many cold months in the frigid and intimate embrace of Antarctica.*
64
*(formal)* in this way; like this
**thus**
/ðʌs/
* Many scholars have argued thus.*
* The universities have expanded, thus allowing many more people the chance of higher education.*
* She rarely gave interviews and thus avoided being asked questions she would rather not answer.*
65
to start a group of people, such as an organization, a committee, etc.; to come together in a group of this kind
*[transitive, intr.]* **to form**
/fɔːm/
***intr.** The band formed in 2017.*
***tr.** They hope to form the new government.*
*He formed a band with some friends from school.*
66
*(formal)* to include a large number or range of things
**to encompass** sth.
/ɪnˈkʌmpəs/
* The job encompasses a wide range of responsibilities.*
* The group encompasses all ages.*
* The study encompasses several aspects of society.*
67
the state of having or showing a deep respect for sb./sth., especially for God and religion; the state of being pious
_*(formal)* opp:_ ?
*[uncountable]* **piety**
/ˈpaɪəti/
_*(formal)* opp.:_ impiety
/ɪmˈpaɪəti/
* My grandmother shows her piety by going to church every day.*
* The groups were founded to promote religious study and piety.*
* We can't love him with just our personal piety or prayer.*
68
a group or type of people or things that are similar in a particular way
_syn.:_ ?
*[countable]* **sort**
/sɔːt/
_syn.:_ kind
/kaɪnd/
***sort of sb./sth.** This sort of problem is quite common*
* These sorts of problems are quite common*
* He's the sort of person who only cares about money.*
***(informal)** There were snacks—peanuts, olives, that sort of thing.*
69
the amount of damage or the number of deaths and injuries that are caused in a particular war, disaster, etc.
*[countable, usually singular]* **toll**
/təʊl/
* The official death toll has now reached 7 000.*
* the war’s growing casualty toll*
* Every hour, the news bulletin reported the mounting toll of casualties.*
70
to be composed or made of
*[phrasal verb]* **to consist of** sth./sb.
/kənˈsɪst/
* The crew consists of five men.*
* A nationalist movement consisting mainly of poor peasants*
***to consist of doing sth.** The fieldwork consisted of counting the number of species in each section of the shoreline* (= the edge of the sea, the ocean or a lake).
71
a group of people who work or act together, often for an official purpose, or who are connected in some other way
*[countable + singular or plural verb]* **body**
/ˈbɒdi/
* a regulatory body*
* The governing body of the school _is/_**_are_ concerned about discipline.*
* An independent body has been set up to investigate the affair.*
***body of sb.** A large body of people will be affected by the tax cuts.*
***in a body.** The protesters marched in a body* (= all together) *to the White House.*
72
to become, and continue to be, successful, strong, healthy, etc.
_syn.:_ ?
*[intransitive]* **to thrive**
/θraɪv/
_syn.:_ to flourish
/ˈflʌrɪʃ/
* The glass industry still thrives there.*
* New businesses thrive in this area.*
* These animals rarely thrive in captivity.*
73
the state of being prepared for sth.
*[uncountable]* **readiness** (for sth.)
/ˈredinəs/
* Everyone has doubts about their readiness for parenthood.*
* Service the car in readiness for the trip.*
* The troops were in a state of combat readiness.*
74
a phrase or an idea that is used to encourage people to support sb./sth.
**rallying cry**
/ˈræliɪŋ kraɪ/
* For once, let the rallying cry "Never Again" be a commitment of substance, not rhetoric.*
* The doctrine of national self-determination and the democratic ideals were the rallying cries in World War II.*
* What we're missing, in a sense, is a rallying cry.*
75
a wise, experienced and respected political leader
_plural:_ ?
**statesman**
/ˈsteɪtsmən/
_plural:_ statesmen
/ˈsteɪtsmən/
* Power still resided with the party's elder statesman.*
* Abroad they are seen as great statesmen who are trying to build peace.*
* The statesman Otto von Bismarck is reported to have said that fools learn from experience but wise men learn from other people’s experience.*
76
*(formal)* after the time or event mentioned
**thereafter**
/ˌðeərˈɑːftə(r)/
* She married at 17 and gave birth to her first child shortly thereafter.*
* The contract lasts one year and can be renewed thereafter.*
* No further rate changes were made thereafter.*
77
*(adj.; of a situation, an event, a period of time, etc.)* in which people have strong feelings such as worry, anger, etc. that often cannot be expressed openly
**tense**
/tens/
* Relations between the two leaders are visibly tense.*
* I spent a tense few weeks waiting for the results of the tests.*
* The atmosphere in the meeting was getting more and more tense.*
78
following what is traditional or the way sth. has been done for a long time
_opp.:_ ?
*[usually before noun]* **conventional**
/kənˈvenʃənl/
_opp.:_ unconventional
/ˌʌnkənˈvenʃənl/
* You can use a microwave or cook it in a conventional oven.*
* conventional methods/approaches*
* It's not a hotel, in the conventional sense, but rather a whole village turned into a hotel.*
79
to stop sb./sth. from operating as a group; to separate or no longer operate as a group
*[transitive, intr.]* **to disband** (sb./sth.)
/dɪsˈbænd/
* They set about disbanding the terrorist groups.*
* The committee formally disbanded in August.*
* The managers planned to disband the team.*
80
to affect or make sth. affect more people or things
**to broaden** (sth.)
/ˈbrɔːdn/
* a promise to broaden access to higher education*
* The party needs to broaden its appeal to voters.*
* The political spectrum has broadened.*
81
*(adj.)* connected with the former USSR
*[usually before noun]* ****_S_**oviet**
/ˈsəʊviət/
* Soviet Russia*
* The former Soviet empire.*
* We were in the midst of growing opposition between the United States and the Soviet Union.*
82
most important or noticeable
*[only before noun]* **salient**
/ˈseɪliənt/
* She pointed out the salient features of the new design.*
* He summarized the salient points.*
* The course covers the salient points of French history.*
83
a situation in which no agreement can be reached
_syn.:_ ?
*[countable]* **standoff** (between A and B)
/ˈstændˌɔf/
_syn.:_ deadlock
/ˈdedlɒk/
* a stand-off between the union and the management*
* The failure of negotiations has led to a standoff.*
* We have seen the rhetoric of "war on terrorism" infecting and exacerbating the India-Pakistan standoff over Kashmir.*
84
*(formal)* to show that sth. cannot be true or correct
**to belie**
/bɪˈlaɪ/
* Government claims that there is no poverty are belied by the number of homeless people on the streets.*
* The study belies the official government figures.*
* The facts of the situation belie his testimony.*
85
that has a lot of activities involved in the production of goods, especially in factories
_*(US English)* also:_ ?
**industrialised**
/ɪnˈdʌstriəlaɪzd/
*_(US English)_* _also:_ industrialized
* At the end of the 19th century, Britain was the most industrialised society in the world.*
* Even in the industrialised world illiteracy is a problem.*
* The river is heavily industrialized and urbanized around the rapids.*
86
the fact of sb. paying attention to sb./sth. or knowing about sth.
*[uncountable]* **notice**
/ˈnəʊtɪs/
* Don't take any notice of what you read in the papers.*
* The first nonstate actor to gain widespread notice was the multinational corporation (MNC).*
* It was Susan who brought the problem **to my notice*** (= told me about it).
**(formal)** *It will not have escaped your notice that there have been some major changes in the company.*
87
*(of a way of thinking)* wrong or containing mistakes, often resulting in bad decisions
**faulty**
/ˈfɔːlti/
* The faulty reasoning led to a wrong result.*
* Faulty record-keeping meant that many patients did not get appropriate treatment.*
* Their interpretation was faulty–they had misinterpreted things.*
88
a tax that is paid on imports *(= goods coming into a country)*, used to protect domestic producers from foreign competition
**tariff**
/ˈtærɪf/
* A general tariff was imposed on foreign imports.*
* The US could impose punitive* (/ˈpjuːnətɪv/) *tariffs of up to 100% on some countries' exports.*
* The agreement fixed tariffs for foreign goods coming into Japan at 5%.*
89
*(adj.)* belonging to the same group
**related**
/rɪˈleɪtɪd/
* related languages*
* All the bees in the colony are genetically related.*
***related to sth.** The llama is related to the camel.*
90
*(formal)* the fact of making sb. less likely to do sth.
*[uncountable]* **deterrence**
/dɪˈterəns/
* Strategic deterrence no longer relies exclusively upon nuclear weapons.*
* His view is that prison sentences must be long enough to satisfy the requirements both of retribution and deterrence.*
* These are the circumstances in which robust conventional deterrence would settle the argument.*
91
to suddenly let a strong force, emotion, etc. be felt or have an effect
**to unleash** sth. (on/upon sb./sth.)
/ʌnˈliːʃ/
* The government's proposals unleashed a storm of protest in the press.*
* At worst, nuclear war could be unleashed.*
* Rachel's arrival on the scene had unleashed passions in him that he could scarcely control.*
92
*(idiom.)* in comparison with sb./sth. else; in relation to sb./sth.
**relative** to sb./sth.
/ˈrelətɪv/
* the position of the sun relative to the earth*
* The movements of the continents relative to each other can be measured.*
* The company employs too many people relative to the size of its business.*
93
a number of people or organizations that have the same interests, aims or characteristics and are often part of a larger group
_français:_ ?
*[countable]* **grouping**
/ˈɡruːpɪŋ/
* These small nations constitute an important grouping within the EU.*
* A better grouping of orders will reduce delivery times.*
* There were two main political groupings pressing for independence.*
_français:_ regroupement
94
*(informal)* a large or sudden increase in prices, costs, taxes, etc.
**hike**
/haɪk/
* Higher crude oil prices mean price hikes for consumers too.*
* Borrowers will be hit hard by the latest hike in interest rates.*
***hike in sth.** The drought caused a hike in the price of water.*
95
a person who has been given the authority to represent sb. else
_français:_ ?
*[countable, uncount.]* **proxy**
/ˈprɒksi/
* Your proxy will need to sign the form on your behalf.*
* They were like proxy parents to me.*
***proxy for sb.** She is acting as proxy for her husband.*
_français:_ mandataire
96
to help sth. to happen or develop
_syn.:_ ?
*[transitive]* **to foster**
/ˈfɒstə(r)/
_syn.:_ to encourage
/ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/
* The club's aim is to foster better relations within the community.*
* The school has carefully fostered its progressive image.*
* Such organizations need to foster innovation.*
97
*(noun)* the quality sth. has when it is possible for you to know in advance that it will happen or what it will be like
*[uncountable]* **predictability**
/prɪˌdɪktəˈbɪləti/
* Many young offenders commit further crimes with alarming predictability.*
* The precise predictability and stability of the system is partly why it has become too rigid.*
* The former system had lacked predictability and the ability to respond quickly to emergency situations.*
98
to mention sth. in order to give sb. information about it or make them notice it
**to point** (sth.) **out** (to sb.)
/pɔɪnt aʊt/
* She tried in vain to point out to him the unfairness of his actions.*
* As you so rightly pointed out, our funds are not unlimited.*
***to point out (to sb.) that…** I should point out that not one of these paintings is original.*
***to point out + speech.** ‘It's not very far,’ she pointed out.*
99
*(formal)* to try very hard to achieve sth.
*[intransitive]* **to strive**
/straɪv/
***to strive for sth.** We encourage all members to strive for the highest standards.*
***to strive after/towards sth.** They were always striving towards perfection.*
***to strive against sth.** striving against corruption*
***to strive to do sth.** Newspaper editors all strive to be first with a story.*
*Experimenters continually strive to eliminate distorting factors.*
100
to form a group in order to achieve sth.
*[phrasal verb]* **to band together**
/bænd təˈɡeðə(r)/
* Local people banded together to fight the drug dealers.*
* Opposition parties must band together and tell the federal government that it is not doing its job on this issue.*
* We decided to band together and organize a protest.*
