Chapter 1B - Reverse edition Flashcards by Fatih Ruzgar

Definition

underlying

/ˌʌndəˈlaɪɪŋ/

Unemployment may be an underlying cause of the rising crime rate.

important in a situation but not always easily noticed or stated clearly

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Definition

to summarize (sth.)

/ˈsʌməraɪz/

The results of the research are summarized at the end of the chapter.

to give a statement of the main points of sth.

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Definition

to pollute

/pəˈluːt/

The river has been polluted with toxic waste from local factories.

to add dirty or harmful substances to land, air, water, etc. so that it is no longer pleasant or safe to use

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Definition

privacy

/ˈprɪvəsi/

freedom of speech and the right to privacy

the state of being free from the attention of the public

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Definition

devout

/dɪˈvaʊt/

a devout Christian/Muslim

(of a person) believing strongly in a particular religion and obeying its laws and practices

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Definition

to make a call

to take a decision, when you have to chose among a definite number of possibilities

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Definition

to elaborate

/ɪˈlæbəreɪt/

This point will be elaborated further in the next chapter.

to develop a plan, an idea, etc. and make it complicated or detailed

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Definition

surplus

/ˈsɜːpləs/

The balance of payments was in surplus last year

the amount by which the amount of money received is greater than the amount of money spent

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Definition

a course

/kɔːs/

esp. a course of action : What course of action would you recommend ?

The wisest course would be to say nothing.

a way of acting in or dealing with a particular situation

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Definition

ultimately

/ˈʌltɪmətli/

All life depends ultimately on oxygen.

at the most basic and important level

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Definition

[uncountable] starvation

/stɑːˈveɪʃn/

Millions will face starvation next year as a result of the drought.

the state of suffering and death caused by having no food

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Definition

[uncountable, plural] abuse

/əˈbjuːs/

allegations of human rights abuses

unfair, cruel or violent treatment of sb.

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Definition

[phrasal verb] to refer to

The victims were not referred to by name.

to mention or speak about sb./sth.

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Definition

[intrans., transitive] to overlap

/ˌəʊvəˈlæp/

the elimination of the overlapping operations led to an immediate improvement of productivity

if two events … or … each other, the second one starts before the first one has finished

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Definition

invasion

/ɪnˈveɪʒn/

the German invasion of Poland in 1939

the act of an army entering another country by force in order to take control of it

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Definition

[uncountable] data

/ˈdeɪtə/

data retrieval (= ways of keeping or finding information on a computer)

information that is stored by a computer

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Definition

either

/ˈaɪðə(r)/ ou /ˈiːðə(r)/

There’s a door at either end of the corridor.

each of two

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Definition

alienation

/ˌeɪliəˈneɪʃn/

Many immigrants suffer from a sense of alienation.

the feeling that you do not belong in a particular group

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Definition

to label

/ˈleɪbl/

The file was labelled ‘Private’.

to fix a … on sth. or write information on sth.

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Definition

[countable] hypothesis

/haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/

plural : hypotheses
/haɪˈpɒθəsiːz/

syn. : theory

/ˈθɪəri/

to formulate/confirm a hypothesis

an idea or explanation of sth. that is based on a few known facts but that has not yet been proved to be true or correct

plural = ?

syn. : ?

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Definition

conciliatory

/kənˈsɪliətəri/

She had been too conciliatory towards her staff.

having the intention or effect of making angry people calm

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Definition

theme

/θiːm/

The President stressed a favourite campaign theme—greater emphasis on education.

the subject or main idea in a talk, piece of writing or work of art

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Definition

frustration

/frʌˈstreɪʃn/

She couldn’t stand the frustration of not being able to help.

the feeling of being frustrated

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Definition

to stand aside

/stænd əˈsaɪd/

Don’t stand aside and let others do all the work.

to not get involved in sth.

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# Definition **compelling** /kəmˈpelɪŋ/ *There is no compelling reason to believe him.*

that makes you think it is true

# Definition **a drain** (on sb./sth.) /dreɪn/ *Military spending is a huge drain on the country's resources.*

a thing that uses a lot of the time, money, etc. that could be used for sth. else

# Definition **vexing** /ˈveksɪŋ/ *I found their attitude extremely vexing.*

*(old-fashioned or formal)* annoying or worrying

# Definition **headline** /ˈhedlaɪn/ *They ran the story under the headline ‘Home at last!’*

the title of a newspaper article printed in large letters, especially at the top of the front page

# Definition *[intransitive, trans.]* **to imagine** /ɪˈmædʒɪn/ *The house was just as she had imagined it.*

to form a picture in your mind of what sth. might be like

# Definition **developmental** /dɪˌveləpˈmentl/ *The product is still at a developmental stage.*

in a state of developing or being developed

# Definition **crisis** /ˈkraɪsɪs/ _plural :_ crises /ˈkraɪsiːz/ * a political/financial crisis* * The Labour Party was facing an identity crisis.*

a time of great danger, difficulty or confusion when problems must be solved or important decisions must be made _plural :_ ?

# Definition *[countable]* **dream** /driːm/ *She tried to turn her dream _of_ runn**_ing_** her own business into reality.*

a wish to do sth., especially one that seems difficult to achieve

# Definition *[intransitive]* **to differ** /ˈdɪfə(r)/ *Medical opinion differs as to how to treat the disease.*

to disagree with sb.

# Definition **to counsel** /ˈkaʊnsl/ *Most experts counsel caution in such cases.*

*(formal)* to advise sb. to do sth.

# Definition **to convey** /kənˈveɪ/ *A carriage was waiting to convey her home.*

to take, carry or transport sb./sth. from one place to another

# Definition **billion** /ˈbɪljən/

one thousand million

# Definition *[phrasal verb - no passive]* **to** **descend into** sth. ## Footnote *The country was descending into chaos.*

*(formal)* to gradually get into a bad state

# Definition **to sidetrack** (s.o. into doing sth.) /ˈsaɪdtræk/ *This last-minute agreement must not, however, sidetrack us from the reasons we are sitting at such a late hour.*

to make sb. start to talk about or do sth. that is different from the main thing that they are supposed to be talking about or doing

# Definition **to verify** (sth./that/whether) /ˈverɪfaɪ/ * We have no way of verifying _(Ø)_ his story.* * Please verify _that_ there is sufficient memory available before loading the program.* * I'll leave you to verify _whether_ these claims are true.*

*(formal)* to check that sth. is true or accurate

# Definition **hostile** /ˈhɒstaɪl/ * The speaker got a hostile reception from the audience.* * She was openly hostile towards her parents.*

very unfriendly or aggressive and ready to argue or fight

# Definition *[often passive]* **to educate** /ˈedʒukeɪt/ *She was educated in the US.*

to teach sb. over a period of time at a school, university, etc.

# Definition **prominent** /ˈprɒmɪnənt/ * a prominent politician* * He played a prominent part in the campaign.*

important or well known

# Definition **Jordan** /ˈdʒɔːdn/

a sovereign Arab state in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south and east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north, Israel and Palestine to the west.

# Definition (an) **adherent** /ədˈhɪərənt/ *Prescriptive grammarians are seen as blind adherents to outdated norms of formal usage.*

*(formal)* a person who supports a political party or set of ideas

# Definition **earnestly** /ˈɜːnɪstli/ *He gazed earnestly into my eyes.*

in a very serious and sincere way

# Definition *[countable, usually plural]* **depth** /depθ/ *to live in the depths of the country* (= a long way from a town)

the deepest, most extreme or serious part of sth.

# Definition **a compulsion** (to do sth.) /kəmˈpʌlʃn/ _syn. : a urge_ * He felt a great compulsion to tell her everything.* * Obsessions and compulsions often develop in people who live stressful lives.*

a strong desire to do sth., especially sth. that is wrong, silly or dangerous _syn. : ?_

# Definition *[uncountable]* ø **certainty** /ˈsɜːtnti/ *There is no certainty that the president's removal would end the civil war.*

the state of being certain

# Definition **illiteracy** /ɪˈlɪtərəsi/ _opp. :_ literacy *The illiteracy rate on the island is still unacceptably high.*

the inability to read or write _opp. :_ ?

# Definition *[countable]* **case** /keɪs/ *The company only dismisses its employees in cases of gross misconduct.*

a particular situation or a situation of a particular type

# Definition **to tear apart** (sth.) /teə(r) əˈpɑːt/ *The bomb tears apart a packed passenger train.*

to destroy sth. violently, especially by pulling it to pieces

# Definition **a theorist** /ˈθɪərɪst/ *Feminist theorists have long talked about the way women are represented in the media.*

a person who develops ideas and principles about a particular subject in order to explain why things happen or exist

# Definition **massacre** /ˈmæsəkə(r)/ *the bloody massacre of innocent civilians*

the killing of a large number of people, especially in a cruel way

# Definition *[uncountable]* **poverty** /ˈpɒvəti/ *to alleviate poverty*

the state of being poor

# Definition **tentative** /ˈtentətɪv/ *We made a tentative arrangement to meet on Friday.*

*(of an arrangement, agreement, etc.)* not definite or certain because you may want to change it later

# Definition **NGO** /ˌen dʒiː ˈəʊ/ *development projects are often run with the help of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), such as charities.*

an entity, such as a charity, association, etc., that is independent of government and business

# Definition **a position** (on sth.) /pəˈzɪʃn/ *to declare/reconsider/shift/change your position on education reforms*

an opinion on or an attitude towards a particular subject

# Definition **pressing** /ˈpresɪŋ/ *The government seems to think that international problems are more pressing than domestic ones.*

needing to be dealt with immediately

# Definition *[phrasal verb]* **to think of** sb./sth. ## Footnote *When I said that I wasn't thinking of anyone in particular.*

to have an image or idea of sth./sb. in your mind

# Definition **a philantropist** /fɪˈlænθrəpɪst/ *He was a wealthy businessman and philanthropist.*

a rich person who helps the poor and those in need, especially by giving money

# Definition **fulfilment** /fʊlˈfɪlmənt/ * the fulfilment of a promise (br)* * that facilitates fulfi**_ll_**ment of contracts (N. Am.)*

the fact of doing or having what is required or necessary

# Definition **rally** /ˈræli/ *Winston Churchill speaks at a rally*

a large public meeting, especially one held to support a particular idea or political party

# Definition **uncritically** /ˌʌnˈkrɪtɪkli/ *These official statistics should not be accepted uncritically.*

without criticizing sb./sth. or judging whether sb./sth. is right or wrong

# Definition **low** /ləʊ/ _opp. :_ high *students with low marks/grades in their exams*

below the usual or expected standard _opp._ _:_ ?

# Definition **to advocate** /ˈædvəkeɪt/ *The group does not advocate the use of violence.*

*(formal)* to support sth. publicly

# Definition *[countable]* **climate** /ˈklaɪmət/ *We need to create a climate in which business can prosper.*

a general attitude or feeling; an atmosphere or a situation which exists in a particular place

# Definition *(phrasal verb - not used in the progressive tenses)* **to boil down to** (sth.) /bɔɪl daʊn tə/ * In the end, what it all boils down to is money, or the lack of it.* * All of the government’s environmental efforts appear to boil down to a Senate bill on energy efficiency products.*

*(of a situation, problem, etc.)* to have sth. as a main or basic part

# Definition **hotly** /ˈhɒtli/ *a hotly debated topic*

done in an angry or excited way or with a lot of strong feeling

# Definition **intervention** /ˌɪntəˈvenʃn/ *a military intervention in a troubled region*

action by a country to become involved in the affairs of another country when they have not been asked to do so

# Definition *[often passive]* **to require** (sth.) /rɪˈkwaɪə(r)/ *I just require a signature on the form.*

to make sb. do or have sth., especially because it is necessary according to a particular law or set of rules

# Definition *[usually before noun]* **global** /ˈɡləʊbl/ *the company’s domestic and global markets*

covering or affecting the whole world

# Definition **average** /ˈævərɪdʒ/ *I was just an average sort of student.*

ordinary; not special

# Definition **to illustrate** /ˈɪləstreɪt/ *To illustrate my point, let me tell you a little story.*

to make the meaning of sth. clearer by using examples, pictures, etc.

# Definition *[not usually before noun]* **desperate** /ˈdespərət/ *I'm desperate for a cigarette.*

needing or wanting sth. very much

# Definition **to bring** sth. **up** /ˈbrɪŋ ʌp/ _syn. :_ to raise /reɪz/ *Bring it up at the meeting.*

to mention a subject or start to talk about it _syn. :_ ?

# Definition *[intransitive]* **to appeal** (to sb. - for sth.) /əˈpiːl/ *Community leaders appealed for calm.*

to make a serious and urgent request

# Definition *[countable, usually plural]* **circumstance** /ˈsɜːkəmstəns/ *The company reserves the right to cancel this agreement in certain circumstances.*

the conditions and facts that are connected with and affect a situation, an event or an action

# Definition **intrinsic** /ɪnˈtrɪnzɪk/ *the intrinsic value of education*

belonging to or part of the real nature of sth./sb.

# Definition *[uncountable]* **consumption** /kənˈsʌmpʃn/ *Consumption rather than saving has become the central feature of contemporary societies.*

the act of buying and using products

# Definition **starkly** /ˈstɑːkli/ *The lighthouse stood out starkly against the dark sky.*

in a way that is easy to see because it is very different

# Definition *[transitive, intrans.]* **to argue** /ˈɑːɡjuː/ _argue for/against sth./doing sth._ : *They argued for the right to strike.* _argue sth._ : *She argued the case for bringing back the death penalty.* *He was too tired to argue the point* (= discuss the matter)*.*

to give reasons why you think that sth. is right/wrong, true/not true, etc., especially to persuade people that you are right

# Definition **on the line** /ɒn ðə laɪn/ *If we don't make a profit, my job is on the line.*

at risk

# Definition **to persuade** /pəˈsweɪd/ _persuade sb. to do sth._ : *Try to persuade him to come.* _persuade sb._ : *Please try and persuade her.*

to make sb. do sth. by giving them good reasons for doing it

# Definition **to define** /dɪˈfaɪn/ *The term ‘mental illness’ is difficult to define.*

to say or explain what the meaning of a word or phrase is

# Definition **Syria** /ˈsɪriə/

a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.

# Definition **a predictor** /prɪˈdɪktə(r)/ *Cholesterol level is not a strong predictor of heart disease in women.*

sth. that can show what will happen in the future

# Definition **humankind** /ˌhjuːmənˈkaɪnd/ *This could provide new clues about the origins of humankind.*

all people, thought about as one large group

# Definition *[uncountable]* **gathering** /ˈɡæðərɪŋ/ *methods of information gathering*

the process of collecting sth.

# Definition **a view** /vjuː/ *to have different/conflicting/opposing views*

a personal opinion about sth.; an attitude towards sth.

# Definition **to equate** (sth. with sth.) /iˈkweɪt/ *It might seem dubious to equate the causes of World War I with the causes of World War II.*

to think that sth. is the same as sth. else or is as important

# Definition World War two The Second World War

How to pronounce WW II ?

# Definition **little** /ˈlɪtl/ *He is little known as an artist.*

not much; only slightly

# Definition **to include** /ɪnˈkluːd/ * We all went, me included.* * You should include some examples in your essay.* _to include sb./sth. as sth._ : *Representatives from the country were included as observers at the conference.*

to make sb./sth. part of sth.

# Definition **warlike** /ˈwɔːlaɪk/ _syn. : military_ /ˈmɪlətri/ *warlike preparations*

connected with fighting wars _syn : ?_

# Definition **to turn back** /tɜːn bæk/ *The weather became so bad that they had to turn back.*

to return the way you have come

# Definition *[uncountable]* **genocide** /ˈdʒenəsaɪd/ *Refugees gave accounts of the mass genocide.*

the murder of a whole race or group of people

# Definition **a poor choice** /pɔː(r)/ _opp._ _:_ a wise choice /waɪz/ *Will consumers be sufficiently informed to make a wise choice?*

a choice that is not good _opp. :_ ?

# Definition *[usually plural]* **source** /sɔːs/ *He refused to name his sources.*

a person, book or document that provides information, especially for study, a piece of written work or news

# Definition **routinely** /ruːˈtiːnli/ * Visitors are routinely checked as they enter the building.* * This information is now routinely available to anyone with access to a computer.*

as part of the way in which things are regularly done

# Definition **to promise** /ˈprɒmɪs/ *‘Promise not to tell anyone!’* _promise sth._ : *The government has promised a full investigation into the disaster.*

to tell sb. that you will definitely do or not do sth., or that sth. will definitely happen

Chapter 1B - Reverse edition Flashcards

(100 cards)