Révision 3 anglais Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
smallest in size, amount, degree, etc.
A
least (usually the least)
/liːst/
- He’s the best teacher, even though he has the least experience.*
- He gave (the) least of all towards the wedding present.*
the least of sth. How others see me is the least of my worries (= I have more important things to worry about).
2
Q
(adj.) filled with sth.; with a full supply of sth.
A
[not before noun] replete (with sth.)
/rɪˈpliːt/
- After two helpings of dessert, Sergio was at last replete.*
- literature replete with drama and excitement*
- history is replete with examples of policy makers relying on historical analogies*
3
Q
(adj.) filled with sth. unpleasant
A
fraught (with sth.)
/frɔːt/
- a situation fraught with danger/difficulty*
- The negotiations have been fraught with problems right from the start.*
- From beginning to end, the airlift was fraught with risks.*
4
Q
(idiom.) in a way that suggests sth., when you are giving a possible explanation for them or saying that sth. appears to be the case when it is not.
also: ?
A
as though
/əz ðəʊ/
also: as if
/əz ɪf/
- It sounds as though you had a good time.*
- He behaved as if nothing had happened.*
- ‘Don’t say anything.’ ‘As if I would!’* (= surely you do not expect me to)
5
Q
to surround a place, especially a port, in order to stop people or goods from coming in or out
A
to blockade (sth.)
/blɒˈkeɪd/
- All the ports had been blockaded.*
- Employees blockaded the entrance to the offices.*
- Truck drivers have blockaded roads to show their anger over new driving regulations.*
6
Q
to have no confidence in sb./sth. because you think they may be harmful
syn.: ?
A
to mistrust (sb./sth.)
/ˌmɪsˈtrʌst/
syn.: to distrust (sb./sth.)
/dɪsˈtrʌst/
- She mistrusts anyone in a position of authority.*
- I’ve always mistrusted politicians.*
- He is a secretive man who mistrusts cameras.*
7
Q
a security arrangement, political, regional, or global, in which each state in the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all, and therefore commits to a collective response to threats to, and breaches to peace
A
collective security
/kəˈlektɪv sɪˈkjʊərəti/
- Collective security selectively incorporates the concept of both balance of power and global government.*
- Cardinal Richelieu proposed a scheme for collective security in 1629, which was partially reflected in the 1648 Peace of Westphalia.*
- We regret to empirically confirm yet again the shortcomings of our system of collective security.*
8
Q
to be extremely angry about sth. but try not to show other people how angry you are
syn.: ?
A
[intransitive] to seethe
/siːð/
syn.: to fume
/fjuːm/
She seethed silently in the corner.
to seethe with sth. He marched off, seething with frustration.
to seethe at sth. Inwardly he was seething at this challenge to his authority.
9
Q
the act of taking part in sth.
syn.: ?
A
[uncountable] involvement
/ɪnˈvɒlvmənt/
syn.: participation
/pɑːˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn/
The project needs full involvement from all members of the group.
involvement in sth. US involvement in European wars
Employees are demanding greater involvement in decision-making.
involvement with sb. When she was promoted, she missed the day-to-day involvement with customers.
10
Q
completely lacking in sth.
A
devoid of sth.
/dɪˈvɔɪd/
- The letter was devoid of warmth and feeling.*
- The land is almost devoid of vegetation.*
- Furthermore, the contest encourages children to imagine a future full of hope and devoid of violence.*
11
Q
to damage sth. badly
syn.: ?
A
[usually passive] to ravage sth.
/ˈrævɪdʒ/
syn.: to devastate
/ˈdevəsteɪt/
- a country ravaged by civil war*
- a recession that has ravaged the textile industry*
- the flood-/quake-/tornado-/war-ravaged country*
12
Q
suddenly and by a large amount
A
sharply
/ˈʃɑːpli/
- Profits fell sharply following the takeover.*
- The road fell sharply to the sea.*
- The temperature drops sharply at night.*
13
Q
used with plural nouns and a plural verb to mean ‘a small number’, ‘some’
A
few (usually a few) (+ countable)
/fjuː/
- We’ve had a few replies.*
- Quite a few people are going to arrive early.*
- I try to visit my parents every few weeks.*
14
Q
(formal) to prevent sth. bad or dangerous from happening
A
to avert sth.
/əˈvɜːt/
- A disaster was narrowly averted.*
- Talks are taking place in an attempt to avert a strike.*
- He managed to avert the closure of the factory.*
15
Q
(literary) the winner of a battle, competition, game, etc.
A
victor
/ˈvɪktə(r)/
- The team emerged as clear victors in the competition.*
- Since history is usually written by the victors, there is usually an untold story.*
- Iraq has no need of triumphalist victors who know what to do.*
16
Q
(formal) by which; because of which
A
whereby
/weəˈbaɪ/
- They have introduced a new system whereby all employees must undergo regular training.*
- They’ve set up a plan whereby you can spread the cost over a two-year period.*
- They voted to accept a deal whereby the union will receive nearly three-quarters of a million pounds.*
17
Q
(formal) to delay or stop the progress of sth.
syn.: 2
A
to impede
/ɪmˈpiːd/
syn.: to hinder, to hamper
/ˈhɪndə(r)/ , /ˈhæmpə(r)/
- Work on the building was impeded by severe weather.*
- A number of practical difficulties impeded the process.*
- In what ways did economic factors impede progress?*
18
Q
(formal) to return to a former state; to start doing sth. again that you used to do in the past
A
[phrasal verb] to revert to sth.
/rɪˈvɜːt tə/
- Try not to revert to your old eating habits.*
- After her divorce she reverted to her maiden name.*
- For a while the children behaved well but they soon reverted to type* (= returned to their usual ways).
19
Q
to make sth. such as a feeling or a reaction less strong
A
to dampen sth.
/ˈdæmpən/
- None of the setbacks could dampen his enthusiasm for the project.*
- She wasn’t going to let anything dampen her spirits today.*
- We should not dampen their pro-EU zeal.*
20
Q
the act of joining two or more organizations or businesses into one
A
[countable, uncount.] merger
/ˈmɜːdʒə(r)/
If the merger goes through, thousands of jobs will be lost.
merger between/of A and B. a merger between the two banks
a merger of two suppliers may reduce buyer power
merger with. our proposed merger with the university
21
Q
(formal) cheerful and confident about the future
syn.: ?
A
sanguine (about sth.)
/ˈsæŋɡwɪn/
syn.: optimistic
/ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk/
- They are less sanguine about the company’s long-term prospects.*
- He tends to take a sanguine view of the problems involved.*
- He’s remarkably sanguine about the problems involved.*
22
Q
(adv.) with different amounts for each person or in each place
syn.: ?
A
unevenly
/ʌnˈiːvnli/
syn.: unequally
/ʌnˈiːkwəli/
- The population is unevenly distributed.*
- The main problem with regular backpacks is that the weight is unevenly distributed.*
- The benefits of progress have been distributed unevenly.*
23
Q
an event or a period of time that marks an important change
A
[countable] watershed (in sth.)
/ˈwɔːtəʃed/
- The middle decades of the 19th century marked a watershed in Russia’s history.*
- With the strike, a historical watershed in the development of the trade union movement was reached.*
- a watershed year for Japan*
- The granting of the vote represented a watershed for the rights of women.*
24
Q
that is true and cannot be disagreed with or denied
syn.: ?
A
indisputable
/ˌɪndɪˈspjuːtəbl/
syn.: undeniable
/ˌʌndɪˈnaɪəbl/
- It is indisputable that the crime rate has been rising.*
- indisputable evidence*
- an indisputable fact*
- The report should distinguish clearly between indisputable fact, firm opinion and mere speculation.*
25
*(formal)* belonging to a particular type of thing; natural in a particular situation or place
**proper** (to sth.)
/ˈprɒpə(r)/
*They should be treated with the dignity proper to all individuals created by God.*
26
to make sth. continue for some time without becoming less
_syn.:_ ?
**to sustain** sth.
/səˈsteɪn/
_syn.:_ to maintain
/meɪnˈteɪn/
* a period of sustained economic growth*
* the sustaining pedal of a piano* (= that allows a note to continue sounding for a long time)
* She managed to sustain everyone's interest until the end of her speech.*
27
*(formal)* angry bitter feelings or words
*[uncountable]* **acrimony**
/ˈækrɪməni/
* The dispute was settled without acrimony.*
* The council's first meeting ended in acrimony.*
* The acrimony of the dispute has shocked a lot of people.*
28
to prevent sth. from growing, developing or continuing
**to suppress**
/səˈpres/
* Nationalism had been suppressed, but not extinguished, in areas under communist control.*
* Transplant patients take drugs which suppress the immune system.*
* The medication effectively suppressed the pain.*
29
a situation in which there is a lot of damage, destruction or confusion
*[uncountable]* **havoc**
/ˈhævək/
* The floods caused havoc throughout the area.*
* The new tax could wreak havoc among smaller companies.*
* This new virus has created havoc for computer users.*
30
the activity of keeping order in a place with the dedicated public service
**policing**
/pəˈliːsɪŋ/
* the policing of public places*
* Richmond has established a model of community policing to give its residents a greater sense of safety.*
* The government has a very strong commitment to defence, to the military, but also to policing.*
31
to happen again or a number of times
*[intransitive]* **to recur**
/rɪˈkɜː(r)/
* This theme recurs several times throughout the book.*
* a recurring illness/problem*
* a recurring nightmare she has had since childhood.*
32
*(formal; literary)* to stop or get rid of an idea or feeling; to destroy sth.
**to extinguish**
/ɪkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/
* News of the bombing extinguished all hope of peace.*
* You have extinguished that light in his mind suddenly and needlessly.*
* Nothing could extinguish his love for her.*
33
in a way that involves strong or deep feelings or awareness
_syn.:_ ?
**keenly**
/ˈkiːnli/
_syn.:_ acutely
/əˈkjuːtli/
* Both communities are keenly interested in a solution*
* We were keenly aware of the danger.*
* She remained keenly interested in international affairs.*
34
*(formal)* in a way that is the opposite or reverse of sth.
**conversely**
/ˈkɒnvɜːsli/
* You can add the fluid to the powder, or, conversely, the powder to the fluid.*
* In real life, nobody was all bad, nor, conversely, all good.*
* Poor health is accepted as an attribute of normal ageing. Conversely, youth is depicted as a time of vitality and good health.*
35
*(of a person)* sensible; who can be relied on
_comparative, superlative:_ ?
**steady**
/ˈstedi/
_comparative, superlative:_ steadier, steadiest
* She’s got a steady boyfriend.*
* He was firm and steady unlike other men she knew.*
* a politician who's steady almost to the point of being boring*
36
*(informal)* extremely unpleasant and unacceptable
_*(less informal*) syn. :_ ?
**horrendous**
/həˈrendəs/
_*(less informal*) syn.:_ terrible
/ˈterəbl/
* the horrendous traffic around the city*
* They have horrendous financial problems.*
* The whole experience was just horrendous.*
37
*(specialist)* to support a wall by putting metal, concrete, (= béton), etc. under it
_related noun:_ ?
**to underpin** sth.
/ˌʌndəˈpɪn/
_related noun:_ underpinning (soutènement)
/ˌʌndəˈpɪnɪŋ/
* When restoring the building, the first priority was to underpin the exterior walls by adding wooden supports along the foundations.*
* ‘Traditional underpinning’, the mass concrete underpinning method is nearly 100 years in age, and the protocol has not changed.*
38
to discover sth. that was previously hidden or secret
**to uncover** sth.
/ʌnˈkʌvə(r)/
* Police have uncovered a plot to kidnap the President's son.*
* It will be difficult to uncover the truth.*
* Archaeologists have uncovered an entire Roman city.*
39
the particular way in which sb. views sth.; knowledge of a particular thing
_syn.:_ ?
*[countable, uncount.]* **understanding** (of sth.)
/ˌʌndəˈstændɪŋ/
_syn.:_ interpretation
/ɪnˌtɜːprəˈteɪʃn/
* My understanding of the situation is different*
* It was our understanding that you had already been informed.*
* The statement is open to various understandings.*
40
a formal examination of evidence in court by a judge and often a jury, to decide if sb. accused of a crime is guilty or not
*[countable, uncount.]* **trial**
/ˈtraɪəl/
* a murder/criminal trial*
* They will lose their right to a jury trial.*
***on trial.** He's on trial for murder.*
*She is awaiting trial on corruption charges.*
41
to be greater in amount or number than sth./sb. else in a place, group, etc.
*[intransitive]* **to predominate**
/prɪˈdɒmɪneɪt/
* a colour scheme in which red predominates*
* Women predominated in the audience.*
* Young men tend to predominate in the crime statistics.*
42
an investigation of the opinions, behaviour, etc. of a particular group of people, which is usually done by asking them questions
**survey**
/ˈsɜːveɪ/
* A recent survey showed 75 per cent of those questioned were in favour of the plan.*
* to conduct/carry out/do/complete a survey*
* These surveys have helped to gain more insight into the conditions of children under 18.*
* According to the survey, many young adults have experimented with drugs of some kind.*
43
to carefully examine the facts of a situation, an event, a crime, etc. to find out the truth about it or how it happened
*[transitive, intr.]* **to investigate**
/ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt/
*The FBI has been called in to investigate.*
***to investigate sth.** Police are investigating possible links between the murders.*
***to investigate what, how, etc…** Police are investigating what happened.*
44
the act of buying and using products
*[uncountable]* **consumption**
/kənˈsʌmpʃn/
* Consumption rather than saving has become the central feature of contemporary societies.*
* The industry faced a serious challenge in trying to stimulate consumption.*
* Recycling the waste from our increased consumption is better than burning it.*
* The consumption of goods is the ultimate aim of all economic endeavour* (= objectif)*.*
45
money, food, etc. that is sent to help countries in difficult situations
*[uncountable]* **aid**
/eɪd/
* humanitarian/food/medical aid*
* An extra £10 million in foreign aid has been provided for victims of the earthquake.*
* international aid workers*
46
a person who is the same age or who has the same social status as you
*[countable, usually plural]* **peer**
/pɪə(r)/
* She enjoys the respect of her peers.*
* Children are worried about failing in front of their peers.*
* Peer pressure is strong among young people* (= they want to be like other people of the same age)*.*
47
an area of activity where important things happen, especially in politics
*[singular]* **stage**
/steɪdʒ/
* She was forced to the centre of the political stage.*
* The country is now a major player on the world stage.*
* Germany is playing a leading role on the international stage.*
48
near the beginning of a period of time, an event etc.
_comparative, superlative:_ ?
**early**
/ˈɜːli/
_comparative, superlative:_ earlier, earliest
* in the early years of the twentieth century*
* The ruling overturned the court’s earlier decision.*
* The earliest possible date I can make it is the third.*
***it is too early to do sth.** It is too early to tell how badly the economy will be affected.*
49
to have control of sth.
*[transitive]* **to** **hold** sth.
/həʊld/
* The rebels held the radio station.*
* Demonstrators have been holding the square since Sunday.*
* Despite incurring heavy losses, the insurgents now hold the town and the surrounding hills.*
50
*(disapproving; of a country or system of government)* in which there is only one political party that has complete power and control over the people and do not allow them freedom of expression or opposition
**totalitarian**
/təʊˌtæləˈteəriən/
* a totalitarian state/regime*
* During the 1930s the state became even more totalitarian.*
* The country was closed to outsiders for many years under a totalitarian dictatorship.*
51
being careful about what you say or do, especially to avoid danger or mistakes; not taking any risks
**cautious**
/ˈkɔːʃəs/
* The government has been cautious in its response to the report.*
* They've taken a very cautious approach.*
***cautious about sb./sth. | cautious about doing sth.** He was very cautious about committing himself to anything.*
52
*(disapproving)* a situation in which sb. treats sb. else in an unfair way, especially in order to make money from their work
*[countable, uncount.]* **exploitation**
/ˌeksplɔɪˈteɪʃn/
* the exploitation of children*
* Starvation and poverty are the result of global economic exploitation, not lack of resources.*
* The party's avowed aim was to struggle against capitalist exploitation.*
53
to protect property, places or people from attack or danger
**to guard** sb./sth.
/ɡɑːd/
* The dog was guarding its owner's luggage.*
* You can't get in; the whole place is guarded.*
***fig.** a closely guarded secret*
54
*(formal)* to understand sth. fully
*(often used in negative sentences)* **to comprehend**
/ˌkɒmprɪˈhend/
*He stood staring at the dead body, unable to comprehend.*
***to comprehend sth.** The infinite distances of space are too great for the human mind to comprehend.*
***to comprehend how/why, etc…** She could barely comprehend what was happening to her.*
*understanding the social sciences is essential to comprehending how humans behave*
***to comprehend that…** He simply could not comprehend that she could be guilty.*
55
*(formal; of a situation)* likely to change; not fixed
**fluid**
/ˈfluːɪd/
* There are a lot of dynamic changes that take place, so it is a very fluid situation.*
* The fluid political situation made investment impossible.*
* a fluid relationship between managers and staff*
56
to be likely to do sth. or to happen in a particular way because this is what often or usually happens
*[intransitive]* **to tend** to do sth.
/tend/
* Women tend to live longer than men.*
* People tend to think that the problem will never affect them.*
* I tend to agree with many of the points you make.*
57
near in space or time
*[not usually before noun]* **close**
/kləʊs/
*I had no idea the beach was so close.*
***close to sb./sth.** Our new house is close to the school.*
***close together.** Their birthdays are very close together.*
58
an independent country, especially when thought of as consisting of a single large group of people all sharing the same language, traditions, and history
**nation-state** (*also* ***nation state***)
/ˌneɪʃn ˈsteɪt/
* They created a modern nation state.*
* After the collapse of the Soviet Union, many new nation states were created.*
* The idea of the Nation-State was in fact simply an instrument used to hold on to political power.*
59
ideas or opinions about sth.
*[uncountable]* **thinking**
/ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/
* What is the current thinking on this question?*
* contemporary trends in feminist thinking*
* I disagree with that kind of thinking.*
* In contrast to the thinking of recent decades, the truth is that...*
***the thinking behind sth.** She explained the thinking behind the campaign.*
60
a verb used in many expressions to show that sth. has reached a particular state
*[intransitive]* **to come** (to/into sth.)
/kʌm/
* At last winter came to an end.*
* He came to power in 2019.*
* When will they come to a decision ?*
* our understanding of how the universe came into existence*
61
to prevent sth. bad from happening
**to avoid**
/əˈvɔɪd/
***to avoid sth.** to avoid conflict/confrontation*
*They narrowly avoided defeat.*
***to avoid doing sth.** They built a wall to avoid soil being washed away.*
62
to give sth. to sb. or make it available for them to use
_syn.:_ ?
**to provide**
/prəˈvaɪd/
_syn.:_ to supply
/səˈplaɪ/
***to provide sth.** The report was not expected to provide any answers.*
***to provide sth. for sb.** We are here to provide a service for the public.*
***to provide sb. with sth.** We are here to provide the public with a service*
*He provided us with a lot of useful information.*
***to provide sth. to sb.** We provide financial support to low-income families.*
63
*(adv.)* used for giving a good or the most important example of sth.
_syn.:_ ?
**notably**
/ˈnəʊtəbli/
_syn.:_ especially
/ɪˈspeʃəli/
* The house had many drawbacks* (= sth. that makes something a less attractive idea)*, most notably its price.*
* More important problems, notably the fate of the children, had to be decided.*
* This argument has been put forward by many politicians, most notably by the Prime Minister and the Foreign Secretary.*
64
*(specialist)* the form or process of government
_*(French)* translation:_ ?
*[uncountable]* **polity**
/ˈpɒləti/
_*(French)* translation:_ régime, gouvernement, organisation politique
* Free elections are part of a democratic polity.*
* We are witnessing the slow asphyxiation of a once open and liberal polity.*
* The First Amendment allows civil courts to resolve internal church disputes so long as they can do so without interpreting doctrine or polity.*
65
the act or process of making a position of power or success stronger so that it is more likely to continue
*[uncountable]* **consolidation**
/kənˌsɒlɪˈdeɪʃn/
* The project concerns the consolidation of the wall masonry*
* the consolidation of power*
* Efforts are being focused on the consolidation of their position as a major player in the telecoms market.*
66
to become established
*[phrasal verb]* **to take hold**
/teɪk həʊld/
* Deng Xiaoping allowed markets to take hold in China*.
* The new fad* (= mode) *took hold quickly.*
* One just has to look back in history to see how the communist movement took hold in certain countries.*
67
*(idiom.; formal)* to cause sth. to happen or exist
**to give rise** (to sth.)
/ɡɪv raɪz/
* The novel's success gave rise to a number of sequels.*
* International support has given rise to a new optimism in the company.*
* What did give rise to concern was the complete failure of the upper decklights.*
68
to reach the same level or standard as sb. who was better or more advanced
_*(British English)* also:_ ?
*[phrasal verb]* **to catch up** (with sb.)
/'kætʃ ʌp/
_*(British English)* also:_ to catch sb. up
* After missing a term through illness he had to work hard to catch up with the others.*
* During the evenings, the school is used by kids who want to catch up on English and mathematics.*
* John began the season better than me but I have fought to catch up.*
69
*(formal)* to have to obey or be loyal to sb. who is in a position of authority or power
**to** **owe** (allegiance/loyalty/obedience to)
/əʊ/
* All serfs owed allegiance to a lord.*
* Children owe duty and loyalty to their parents.*
* To whom do they owe obedience, first of all: to God or to men?*
70
to mention a person, a theory, an example, etc. to support your opinions or ideas, or as a reason for sth.
**to invoke** sb./sth.
/ɪnˈvəʊk/
* She invoked several eminent scholars to back up her argument.*
* He invoked memories of Britain's near-disastrous disarmament in the 1930s.*
* Sometimes policy-makers invoke public health considerations as justification for laws, policies or practices that negatively affect human rights, such as liberty.*
71
open refusal to obey sb./sth.
*[uncountable]* **defiance**
/dɪˈfaɪəns/
* a look/an act/a gesture of defiance*
* She held up a clenched* (= serré) *fist in defiance.*
***in defiance of sth.** Nuclear testing was resumed in defiance of an international ban.*
72
a secret plan made by a group of people to do sth. wrong or illegal
_syn.:_ ?
*[countable]* **plot**
/plɒt/
_syn.:_ conspiracy
/kənˈspɪrəsi/
*He had been the victim of an elaborate murder plot.*
***plot to do sth.** The rebels hatched a plot to overthrow the government.*
***plot against sb.** Police uncovered a plot against the president.*
73
the policy or practice of not becoming involved in other people’s disagreements, especially those of foreign countries
_syn.:_ ?
*[uncountable]* **non-intervention**
/ˌnɒn ɪntəˈvenʃn/
_syn.:_ non-interference
/ˌnɒn ˌɪntəˈfɪərəns/
* a policy of non-intervention in the internal affairs of other countries*
* It is only when that cardinal principle of non-intervention is violated that international peace and security are threatened.*
74
the fact of being more important, powerful or noticeable than sb./sth. else
*[uncountable]* **dominance** (over sth./sb.)
/ˈdɒmɪnəns/
* political/economic dominance*
* America's rise to global dominance*
***dominance over sb./sth.** to achieve/assert/establish dominance over somebody*
75
forming a unit by itself; not joined to sth. else
**separate**
/ˈseprət/
* They have begun to sleep in separate rooms.*
* Write a list of names on a separate piece of paper.*
***separate from sb/sth.** Raw meat must be kept separate from cooked meat.*
76
*(rather formal)* to become smaller, fewer, weaker, etc.
*[intransitive]* **to** **decline**
/dɪˈklaɪn/
*Support for the party continues to decline.*
***to decline by sth.** The number of tourists to the resort declined by 10% last year.*
***to decline in sth.** The city declined in importance in the nineteenth century.*
77
*(formal)* a sensible and careful attitude when you make judgements and decisions; behaviour that avoids unnecessary risks
_opp.:_ ?
*[uncountable] ***prudence**
/ˈpruːdns/
_*(formal)* opp.:_ imprudence
/ɪmˈpruːdns/
* Maybe you’ll exercise a little more financial prudence next time.*
* Western businessmen are showing remarkable prudence in investing in the region.*
* Everyone agreed that panic wasn't called for, prudence was.*
78
*(usually approving)* of many different types
**varied**
/ˈveərid/
* The opportunities the job offers are many and varied.*
* They offer a varied programme of entertainment.*
* a wide and varied selection of cheeses*
79
*(adv.)* at the end of a period of time or a series of events
**eventually**
/ɪˈventʃuəli/
* Our flight eventually left five hours late.*
* I'll get round to mending it eventually.*
* She hopes to get a job on the local newspaper and eventually work for ‘The Times’.*
80
the way things are done or organized
*[countable, usually plural]* **arrangement(s)**
/əˈreɪndʒmənt/
* Their domestic arrangements were considered unconventional at the time.*
* new security arrangements*
* There are special arrangements for people working overseas.*
81
*(specialist)* a society as a political unit
_plural:_ ?
*[countable]* **polity**
/ˈpɒləti/
_plural:_ polities
* Such institutions have special significance in a democratic polity.*
* The book offers an introduction to the distinctive nature of the British polity.*
* The role of religion in the American polity is complex.*
82
having started
*[not before noun]* **underway** or **under way**
/ˌʌndəˈweɪ/
* Preparations are well under way for a week of special events in May.*
* An investigation is underway to find out how the disaster happened.*
* It was a cold evening, winter well underway.*
83
to say or believe that sth. is the result of a particular thing
**to** **attribute** (sth. to sth.)
/əˈtrɪbjuːt/
* She attributes her success to hard work and a little luck.*
* The power failure was attributed to the recent storms and high winds.*
* The striker attributes the team's success to a positive ethos at the club.*
84
*(adv.)* without achieving what you wanted to
_opp.:_ ?
**unsuccessfully**
/ˌʌnsəkˈsesfəli/
_opp.:_ successfully
/səkˈsesfəli/
* She tried unsuccessfully to impress him.*
* It is usually reserved for patients with tuberculosis who have beenunsuccessfully treated with other medicines.*
* After attempting unsuccessfully to resolve this directly with the other bank, we contacted an expert on payments*
85
to change or make sb. change your/their religion or beliefs
*[transitive, intr.]* **to convert**
/kənˈvɜːt/
***to convert from sth.** He converted from Catholicism 20 years ago.*
***to convert to sth.** She converted to Judaism to marry him.*
***to convert from sth. to sth.** He converted from Christianity to Islam.*
***to convert sb. from sth.** Evangelical Christian groups were trying to convert Africans from indigenous religions.*
***to convert sb. to sth.** She was soon converted to the socialist cause.*
***to convert sb. from sth. to sth.** Mongolia was converted from shamanism to Buddhism in the late 16th century.*
86
too large or too small when compared with sth. else
_*(formal)* compare to:_ ?
**disproportionate** (to sth.)
/ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənət/
_*(formal)* compare to:_ proportionate *(= increasing or decreasing according to changes in sth. else)*
/prəˈpɔːʃənət/
* A disproportionate amount of time was devoted to one topic.*
* The area contains a disproportionate number of young middle-class families.*
* This sentence is totally disproportionate to the alleged offence*
87
*(adj.; of a group of people in a society)* small in number but powerful and with a lot of influence, because they are rich, intelligent, etc.
*[only before noun]* **elite**
/eɪˈliːt/
* an elite group of senior officials*
* an elite military academy*
* the elite troops of the President's bodyguard.*
88
to come next after sb./sth. and take their/its place or position
_related noun:_ ?
_syn.:_ ?
*[transitive]* **to** **succeed** (sth./sb.)
/səkˈsiːd/
_related noun:_ succession
/səkˈseʃn/
_syn.:_ to follow
/ˈfɒləʊ/
* Who succeeded Kennedy as President ?*
* Their early success was succeeded by a period of miserable failure.*
* Strands of DNA are reproduced through succeeding generations.*
89
connected with foreign countries, especially those separated from your country by the sea or ocean
_compare to:_ ?
**overseas**
/ˌəʊvəˈsiːz/
_compare to:_ home
/həʊm/
* The firm is expanding into overseas markets.*
* overseas development/trade*
* This was her first overseas trip as prime minister.*
90
a way of thinking or explaining sth.
*[uncountable]* **logic**
/ˈlɒdʒɪk/
* I fail to see the logic behind his argument.*
* The two parts of the plan were governed by the same logic.*
* In their faulty logic, this is a great injustice.*
91
*(formal)* to accept the authority, control or greater strength of sb./sth.; to agree to sth. because of this
_*(formal)* syn.:_ ?
_*(less formal)* syn.:_ ?
**to submit**
/səbˈmɪt/
_*(formal)* syn.:_ to yield
/jiːld/
_*(less formal)* syn.:_ to give in (to sb./sth.)
/ˈɡɪv ɪn/
***submit to sb./sth.*** *She refused to submit to threats.*
*They abandoned their town rather than submit to the Persians.*
***submit yourself to sb./sth.** He submitted himself to a search by the guards.*
92
to have a plan, result or purpose in your mind when you do sth.
*[transitive, intr.]* **to intend**
/ɪnˈtend/
*We finished later than we had intended.*
***to intend to do sth.** I never intended to hurt you.*
*I fully intended* (= definitely intended) *to pay for the damage.*
***to intend sb./sth. to do sth.** The writer clearly intends his readers to identify with the main character.*
***(British English) to intend doing sth.** I don't intend staying long.*
***to intend sth.** The company intends a slow-down in expansion.*
***to intend sb. sth.** He intended her no harm* (= it was not his plan to harm her).
***it is intended that…** It is intended that production will start next month.*
***to intend that…** We intend that production will start next month.*
93
*(formal)* to find an acceptable solution to a problem or difficulty
_syn.:_ ?
*[transitive]* **to** **resolve**
/rɪˈzɒlv/
_syn.:_ to settle
/ˈsetl/
***to resolve sth.** Attempts are being made to resolve the problem of security in schools.*
*to resolve an issue/a dispute/a conflict/a crisis*
***to resolve itself.** Be patient and the situation may resolve itself.*
94
that has never happened, been done or been known before
**unprecedented**
/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/
* The situation is unprecedented in modern times.*
* There were unprecedented scenes of violence in the city’s main square.*
* Such a move is rare, but not unprecedented.*
95
one of a series of things that you do in order to achieve sth.
*[countable]* **step**
/step/
* We are taking steps to prevent pollution.*
* It's a big step giving up your job and moving halfway across the world.*
***step toward(s) sth.** This was a first step towards a united Europe.*
96
*(formal)* so obvious that it cannot be doubted
**unquestioned**
/ʌnˈkwestʃənd/
* His courage remains unquestioned.*
* The play was an immediate and unquestioned success in London.*
* He's the unquestioned leader in his field* (= no one would say that he is not the leader).
97
*(formal)* to make sth. begin
_*(common)* syn.:_ ?
**to initiate**
/ɪˈnɪʃieɪt/
_*(common)* syn.:_ to set in motion
/set ɪn ˈməʊʃn/
* The government has initiated a programme of economic reform.*
* to initiate legal proceedings against somebody*
* Bacteria then enters the wound and initiates infection.*
98
*(formal)* happening as a result or an effect of sth.
_syn.:_ ?
**consequential**
/ˌkɒnsɪˈkwenʃl/
_syn.:_ resultant
rɪˈzʌltənt/
* retirement and the consequential reduction in income*
* extra staff and consequential costs such as accommodation*
* The referendum had no consequential legal effect.*
99
a problem, rule or situation that prevents sb. from doing sth., or that makes sth. impossible
**barrier**
/ˈbæriə(r)/
* the removal of trade barriers*
* the language barrier* (= when people cannot communicate because they do not speak the same language)
***barrier to sth.** Lack of confidence is a psychological barrier to success.*
***barrier against sth.** The country has removed barriers against imports.*
100
to continue, especially starting after sb./sth. else has finished
*[phrasal verb]* **to take up**
/'teɪk ʌp/
* The band's new album takes up where their last one left off.*
* Gerry's partner Jo takes up the story.*
* 'No, no, no,' says Damon, taking up where Dave left off.*
