Chapter 1C - Reverse edition Flashcards by Fatih Ruzgar

Definition

credible

/ˈkredəbl/

a credible explanation/witness

that can be believed or trusted

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

surface

/ˈsɜːfɪs/

Rage bubbled just below the surface of his mind.

the outer appearance of a person, thing or situation; the qualities that you see or notice, that are not hidden

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

to shop

/ʃɒp/

He likes to shop at the local market.

to buy things in stores

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

alienation

/ˌeɪliəˈneɪʃn/

The new policy resulted in the alienation of many voters.

the act of making sb. less friendly or sympathetic towards you

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

bluntly

/ˈblʌntli/

To put it bluntly, I want a divorce.

in a very direct way, without trying to be polite or kind

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

[countable] prescription

/prɪˈskrɪpʃn/

Both parties will be outlining their prescription for economic recovery.

a plan or a suggestion for making sth. happen or for improving it

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

little

/ˈlɪtl/

She seemed a little afraid of going inside.

to a small degree

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

normative

/ˈnɔːmətɪv/

Human rights are thematic, systematic and, above all, normative.

describing or setting standards or rules of behaviour

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

whom

/huːm/

To whom should I write?*
The author whom you criticized in your review has written a reply.*

used instead of ‘who’ as the object of a verb or preposition

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

follow-up

/ˈfɒləʊ ʌp/

In a follow-up question about quality, both customers and retailers were asked if they had noticed a change

continuing sth. that has already started; coming after sth. similar that was done earlier

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

best

/best/

Painting is best done in daylight.

in the most suitable or appropriate way

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

persuasively

/pəˈsweɪsɪvli/

They argue persuasively in favour of a total ban on handguns.

in a way that can convince sb. to do sth. or make them believe sth.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

to frustrate

/frʌˈstreɪt/

What frustrates him is that there’s too little money to spend on the project.

to make sb. feel annoyed or impatient because they cannot do or achieve what they want

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

[countable] field

/fiːld/

syn. : area

/ˈeəriə/

I enjoy meeting people in other fields of business.

a particular subject or activity that sb. works in or is interested in

syn. : ?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

a discourse

/ˈdɪskɔːs/

a discourse on issues of gender and sexuality

(formal) a long and serious treatment or discussion of a subject in speech or writing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

to investigate

/ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt/

Scientists are investigating the effects of diet on fighting cancer.*
The research investigates how foreign speakers gain fluency.*

to find out information and facts about a subject or problem by study or research

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

[uncountable] research

/rɪˈsɜːtʃ/

Research on animals has led to some important medical advances.

a careful study of a subject, especially in order to discover new facts or information about it

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

comparable

/ˈkɒmpərəbl/

A comparable house in the south of the city would cost twice as much.

similar to sb./sth. else and able to be compared

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

[uncountable, count.] expenditure

/ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)/

a reduction in public/government/military expenditure

the act of spending or using money ; an amount of money spent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

infinitesimal

/ˌɪnfɪnɪˈtesɪml/

syn. : tiny

/ˈtaɪni/

an infinitesimal risk

extremely small

syn. : ?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

self-evident

/ˌself ˈevɪdənt/

The dangers of such action are self-evident.

obvious and needing no further proof or explanation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

a series (of sth.)

/ˈsɪəriːz/

the latest in a series of articles on the nature of modern society

several events or things of a similar kind that happen one after the other

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

[uncountable] support

/səˈpɔːt/

The statistics offer further support for our theory.

evidence that helps to show that sth. is true or correct

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

analysis

/əˈnæləsɪs/

The book is an analysis of poverty and its causes.

the detailed study or examination of sth. in order to understand more about it; the result of the study

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

# Definition **to stand up** /'stænd ʌp/ *It was brave of her to stand up to those bullies.*

to resist sb.; to not accept bad treatment from sb. without complaining

# Definition **to seize** /siːz/ * They seized the airport in a surprise attack.* * The army has seized control of the country.* * He seized power in a military coup.*

to take control of a place or situation, often suddenly and violently

# Definition **clear-cut** /ˌklɪə ˈkʌt/ *There is no clear-cut answer to this question.*

definite and easy to see or identify

# Definition **rightful** /ˈraɪtfl/ _syn. :_ *[only before noun]* proper /ˈprɒpə(r)/ *The stolen car was returned to its rightful owner.*

that is correct, right or legal _syn. :_ ?

# Definition **to measure** /ˈmeʒə(r)/ _syn. :_ to assess /əˈses/ *It is difficult to measure the success of the campaign at this stage.*

to judge the importance, value or effect of sth. _syn. :_ ?

# Definition *[uncountable]* **conventional wisdom** /kənˈvenʃənl ˈwɪzdəm/ * The conventional wisdom that soccer is a minor sport in America.* * Conventional wisdom has it that riots only ever happen in cities.*

the view or belief that most people hold

# Definition **a belief** /bɪˈliːf/ *She acted in the belief that she was doing good.*

an opinion about sth.; sth. that you think is true

# Definition *[phrasal verb]* **to point to** ## Footnote *Pointing to the results of a recent survey, he claimed voters were most interested in education and unemployment.*

to mention sth. that you think is important and/or the reason why a particular situation exists

# Definition **to** /tə/ (in br. english, before vowels : /tu/) * It was a threat to world peace.* * This idea will appear problematical to many.*

directed towards; concerning

# Definition *[countable, uncount.]* **prediction** /prɪˈdɪkʃn/ *Not many people agree with the government's prediction that the economy will improve.*

a statement that says what you think will happen; the act of making such a statement

# Definition **explanation** /ˌekspləˈneɪʃn/ *The most likely explanation is that his plane was delayed.*

a statement, fact, or situation that tells you why sth. happened; a reason given for sth.

# Definition *[countable]* **gathering** /ˈɡæðərɪŋ/ *a family gathering*

a meeting of people for a particular purpose

# Definition a **variable** /ˈveəriəbl/ *The temperature remained constant while pressure was a variable in the experiment.*

a situation, number or quantity that can vary or be varied

# Definition **consistently** /kənˈsɪstəntli/ *Studies have not consistently demonstrated any benefit.*

in a way that has different parts that all agree with each other

# Definition **inquiry** /ɪnˈkwaɪəri/ *a public enquiry* (br.) *into the environmental effects of the proposed new road*

an official process to find out the cause of sth. or to find out information about sth.

# Definition **factor** /ˈfæktə(r)/ *the key/crucial/deciding factor*

one of several things that cause or influence sth.

# Definition **to illuminate** /ɪˈluːmɪneɪt/ _syn. :_ to clarify /ˈklærəfaɪ/ *This text illuminates the philosopher's early thinking.*

*(formal)* to make sth. clearer or easier to understand _syn. :_ ?

# Definition **repeatedly** /rɪˈpiːtɪdli/ *The victim had been stabbed repeatedly in the chest.*

many times

# Definition *[phrasal verb]* **to run into** /rʌn ˈɪntu/ *to run into danger/trouble/difficulties*

to experience sth. bad

# Definition **to predominate** (over sb./sth.) /prɪˈdɒmɪneɪt/ *Private interest was not allowed to predominate over the public good.*

to have the most influence or importance

# Definition **a scrutiny** /ˈskruːtəni/ _syn. :_ inspection /ɪnˈspekʃn/ *Her argument doesn't really stand up to scrutiny.*

a careful and thorough examination _syn. :_ ?

# Definition **to aspire** /əˈspaɪə(r)/ *She aspired to a scientific career.*

to have a strong desire to achieve or to become sth.

# Definition **to intervene** /ˌɪntəˈviːn/ *The President intervened personally in the crisis.*

to become involved in a situation in order to improve or help it

# Definition **ultimately** /ˈʌltɪmətli/ *Ultimately, you'll have to make the decision yourself.*

in the end; finally

# Definition *[usually passive]* **to televise** /ˈtelɪvaɪz/ *a televised debate*

to broadcast sth. on television

# Definition *[only before noun]* **past** /pɑːst/ *Irregular verbs are verbs that do not form the past simple tense and the past participle by adding -ed to the base form.*

*(grammar)* connected with the form of a verb used to express actions in the past

# Definition **to build up** /bɪld 'ʌp/ *The sea defences have been built up to ensure that such a disaster will not strike again.*

to make sth. higher or stronger than it was before

# Definition **incontrovertible** /ˌɪnkɒntrəˈvɜːtəbl/ _syn. :_ indisputable /ˌɪndɪˈspjuːtəbl/ *There is one incontrovertible argument in favour of the changes.*

(*formal)* that is true and cannot be disagreed with or denied _syn. :_ ?

# Definition **explanatory** /ɪkˈsplænətri/ *There are explanatory notes at the back of the book.*

giving the reasons for sth.; intended to describe how sth. works or to make sth. easier to understand

# Definition **to define** /dɪˈfaɪn/ *We need to define the task ahead very clearly.*

to describe or show sth. accurately

# Definition **tightly** /ˈtaɪtli/ *Her eyes were tightly closed.*

closely and firmly

# Definition **hostile** /ˈhɒstaɪl/ _syn. :_ *[not usually before noun]* opposed /əˈpəʊzd/ *The proposals have provoked a hostile response from opposition parties.*

strongly rejecting sth. _syn._ : ?

# Definition **problematical** /ˌprɒbləˈmætɪkl/ *The situation is more problematic* (br.) *than we first thought.*

difficult to deal with or to understand; full of problems; not certain to be successful

# Definition **to forward** /ˈfɔːwəd/ *We will be forwarding our new catalogue to you next week.*

to send or pass goods or information to sb.

# Definition *[transitive, intr.]* **to overlap** (with/Ø sth.) /ˌəʊvəˈlæp/ *Our jobs overlap slightly, which sometimes causes difficulties.*

to cover part of the same area of interest, knowledge, responsibility, etc.

# Definition **trial** /ˈtraɪəl/ *The new drug is undergoing clinical trials.*

the process of testing the ability, quality or performance of sb./sth., especially before you make a final decision about them

# Definition **starkly** /ˈstɑːkli/ * These theories contrast starkly with the reality of everyday life.* * We are starkly aware of the risks.*

in a way that is unpleasant, real and impossible to avoid ; completely

# Definition **stability** /stəˈbɪləti/ *the stability of the dollar on the world’s money markets*

the quality or state of being steady and not changing or being disturbed in any way

# Definition **profound** /prəˈfaʊnd/ *profound changes in the earth’s climate*

very great; felt or experienced very strongly

# Definition **liberalization** /ˌlɪbrəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ *the liberalization of drug laws*

the act or process of making sth. such as a law or a political or religious system less strict

# Definition **to agonize** (over/about sth.) /ˈæɡənaɪz/ *I spent days agonizing over whether to take the job or not.*

to spend a long time thinking and worrying about a difficult situation or problem

# Definition **partly** /ˈpɑːtli/ *Some people are unwilling to attend the classes partly because of the cost involved.*

to some extent; not completely

# Definition **a decade-long war**

a war that lasted 10 years

# Definition **to peel** /piːl/ *Carefully peel away the lining paper.*

to remove a layer, covering, etc. from the surface of sth.; to come off the surface of sth.

# Definition *[intransitive]* **to range** /reɪndʒ/ *Estimates of the damage range between $1 million and $5 million.*

to vary between two particular amounts, sizes, etc., including others between them

# Definition *[uncountable]* **consumption** /kənˈsʌmpʃn/ *the production of fuel for domestic consumption*

the act of using energy, food or materials; the amount used

# Definition **to tear apart** (sth.) /teər əˈpɑːrt/ *Racial strife is tearing our country apart.*

to make people in a country, an organization or other place fight or argue with each other

# Definition **identifiable** /aɪˌdentɪˈfaɪəbl/ *identifiable characteristics*

that can be recognized

# Definition **unnecessary** /ʌnˈnesəsəri/ *They were found guilty of causing unnecessary suffering to animals.*

not needed; more than is needed

# Definition **dense** /dens/ *a dense piece of writing*

difficult to understand because it contains a lot of information

# Definition **to evaluate** (sth./how/whether) /ɪˈvæljueɪt/ * Our research attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of the different drugs.* * We need to evaluate how well the policy is working.*

to form an opinion of the amount, value or quality of sth. after thinking about it carefully

# Definition **banker** /ˈbæŋkə(r)/ *He’s an investment banker in New York.*

a person who owns a bank or has an important job at a bank

# Definition **to negate** /nɪˈɡeɪt/ _syn. : to nullify_ /ˈnʌlɪfaɪ/ *Alcohol negates the effects of the drug.*

to stop sth. from having any effect _syn. : ?_

# Definition **at times** *He can be really bad-tempered at times.*

sometimes

# Definition **imbalance** /ɪmˈbæləns/ *a global imbalance of/in power*

a situation in which two or more things are not the same size or are not treated the same, in a way that is unfair or causes problems

# Definition **practical** /ˈpræktɪkl/ _Opp. :_ theoretical /ˌθɪəˈretɪkl/ * to have gained practical experience of the work* * practical men*

connected with real situations rather than with ideas or theories _Opp. :_ ?

# Definition **a shortcoming** /ˈʃɔːtkʌmɪŋ/ _syn. :_ defect /ˈdiːfekt/ *There were obvious shortcomings in the report.*

a fault in sb.’s character, a plan, a system, etc. _syn. :_ ?

# Definition **definitely** /ˈdefɪnətli/ *Please say definitely whether you will be coming or not.*

in a way that is certain or that shows that you are certain

# Definition **warlike** /ˈwɔːlaɪk/ _syn. : belligerent_ /bəˈlɪdʒərənt/ *a warlike nation*

aggressive and wanting to fight _syn. : ?_

# Definition **quite** /kwaɪt/ _syn. :_ fairly /ˈfeəli/ _*(rather informal)* syn. :_ pretty /ˈprɪti/ *He plays quite well.*

*(not used with a negative)* to some degree _syn. :_ ? _*(rather informal)* syn. :_ ?

# Definition **defunct** /dɪˈfʌŋkt/ *a largely defunct railway network*

*(formal)* no longer existing, operating or being used

# Definition **compelling** /kəmˈpelɪŋ/ *a compelling need/desire*

so strong that you must do sth. about it

# Definition **cell phone** /ˈsel fəʊn/ *The use of cellular phones is not permitted on most aircraft.*

a telephone that does not have wires and works by radio, that you can carry with you and use anywhere

# Definition **analogy** /əˈnælədʒi/ *There are no analogies with any previous legal cases.*

a comparison of one thing with another thing that has similar features; a feature that is similar

# Definition **a survey** /ˈsɜːveɪ/ *a comprehensive survey of modern music*

a general study, view or description of sth.

# Definition **primarily** /praɪˈmerəli/ _syn. :_ chiefly /ˈtʃiːfli/ *The person primarily responsible is the project manager.*

mainly _syn. :_

# Definition **to mislead** /ˌmɪsˈliːd/ _syn. :_ to deceive /dɪˈsiːv/ *He deliberately misled us about the nature of their relationship.*

to give sb. the wrong idea or impression and make them believe sth. that is not true _syn. :_ ?

# Definition **to root** /ruːt/ *Much violence in the world today is rooted in civil conflicts*

to grow roots; to cause or encourage a plant to grow roots

# Definition **usage** /ˈjuːsɪdʒ/ *It's not a word in common usage.*

the way in which words are used in a language

# Definition **to experience** /ɪkˈspɪəriəns/ *The country experienced a foreign currency shortage for several months.*

to have a particular situation affect you or happen to you

# Definition **alternatively** /ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪvli/ *The agency will make travel arrangements for you. Alternatively, you can organize your own transport.*

used to introduce a suggestion that is a second choice or possibility

# Definition **to prescribe** /prɪˈskraɪb/ *Police regulations prescribe that an officer's number must be clearly visible.*

*(of a person or an organization with authority)* to say what should be done or how sth. should be done

# Definition **privacy** /ˈprɪvəsi/ *He read the letter later in the privacy of his own room.*

the state of being alone and not watched or disturbed by other people

# Definition **to quote** /kwəʊt/ *He quoted a passage from the minister's speech.*

to repeat the exact words that another person has said or written

# Definition *[often passive]* **to better** /ˈbetə(r)/ * The work he produced early in his career has never really been bettered.* * We want to better our own understanding of international politics*

to be more skilled or do sth. of a higher quality than sb./sth. else

# Definition **interpretive** /ɪnˈtɜːprɪtɪv/ *In applying this interpretive approach to the facts of the complaint, the Tribunal concluded that...*

connected with the particular way in which sth. is understood, explained or performed