Révision 4 anglais Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
to experience sth., especially a change or sth. unpleasant
A
to undergo sth.
/ˌʌndəˈɡəʊ/
- to undergo tests/trials/repairs*
- My mother underwent major surgery last year.*
- Some children undergo a complete transformation when they become teenagers.*
2
Q
having an important and lasting influence on the development of sth. or of sb.’s character
A
[only before noun] formative
/ˈfɔːmətɪv/
- She spent the formative years of her childhood in Africa.*
- formative influences in the development of the labour movement*
- She was born in Barbados but spent her formative years in east London.*
3
Q
(adj.) not achieving what you wanted to
opp.: ?
A
unsuccessful
/ˌʌnsəkˈsesfl/
opp.: successful
/səkˈsesfl/
- His efforts to get a job proved unsuccessful.*
- They were unsuccessful in meeting their objectives for the year.*
- She made several unsuccessful attempts to see him.*
4
Q
(formal; of ideas, opinions, etc.) to be the same or very similar
A
[intransitive] to coincide
/ˌkəʊɪnˈsaɪd/
The interests of employers and employees do not always coincide.
to coincide with sth. Her story coincided exactly with her brother’s.
Our views on this issue coincide closely with yours.
5
Q
the process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another
A
[uncountable, count.] transition
/trænˈzɪʃn/
- a three-year transition period*
- He has not met with the transition team members.*
transition from sth. to sth. The company was slow to make the transition from paper to computer.
transition to sth. He will remain head of state during the period of transition to democracy.
transition from sth. Only after he stepped down could a genuine transition from dictatorship begin.
transition between A and B. We need to ensure a smooth transition between the old system and the new one.
in transition. This course is useful for students who are in transition from one training programme to another.
6
Q
(formal) attention to or thought and care for sb./sth.
A
[uncountable] regard
/rɪˈɡɑːd/
Social services should pay proper regard to the needs of inner-city areas.
regard for sb./sth. to do something with scant (= hardly any)/little/no regard for somebody/something
without regard to sb./sth. He was driving without regard to speed limits.
7
Q
to make sb./sth. change direction
A
[often passive] to divert
/daɪˈvɜːt/
We diverted a plane to rescue 100 passengers.
to be diverted. The course of the stream has now been diverted.
to be diverted (from sth. ; to/into/onto sth.) Northbound traffic will have to be diverted onto minor roads.
8
Q
to share sth. out among people in a different way
A
to redistribute
/ˌriːdɪˈstrɪbjuːt/
to redistribute sth. from sb./sth. to sb./sth. Wealth needs to be redistributed from the rich to the poor.
to redistribute sth. to sb./sth. a system that redistributes tax revenue to poorer regions
to redistribute sth. policies that redistribute resources in the rural economy
to redistribute sth. among sb. to redistribute land among small farmers
9
Q
an official action that is done in order to achieve a particular aim
A
[countable] measure
/ˈmeʒə(r)/
- safety/security/austerity measures*
- a temporary/an emergency measure*
as a… measure. Police in riot gear were in attendance as a precautionary measure.
measure to do sth. We must take preventive measures to reduce crime in the area.
The government is introducing tougher measures to combat crime.
measure against sth. They are demanding harsher measures against racism.
10
Q
the belief that people should obey law and rules, even when these are unfair or even when this means the loss of personal freedom
A
[uncountable] authoritarianism
/ɔːˌθɒrɪˈteəriənɪzəm/
- an era of authoritarianism*
- the long revolt against authoritarianism.*
- The party supports authoritarianism over democracy.*
- Some people fear the country is sliding towards authoritarianism.*
11
Q
the doctrine that U.S. interests were best served by playing as little role as possible in world affairs
A
isolationism
/ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃənɪzəm/
- They learned with Pearl Harbour that isolationism does not always work.*
- If they are not, he promises a new economics - a free-spending isolationism that has no fear of the markets.*
12
Q
money that an organization such as a bank lends and somebody borrows
A
[countable] loan
/ləʊn/
- She took out an $8 000 personal loan.*
- bank loans with low interest rates*
- to take out/repay a loan* (= to borrow money/pay it back)
- The loan repayment period is 10 years.*
13
Q
(formal) to give sb./sth. a higher position or rank, often more important than they deserve
syn.: 2
A
to elevate
/ˈelɪveɪt/
syn.: to raise ; [often passive] to promote
/reɪz/ , /prəˈməʊt/
to elevate sb./sth. (to sth.) He elevated many of his friends to powerful positions within the government.
to elevate sth. (to/into sth.) It was an attempt to elevate football to a subject worthy of serious study.
He has elevated bad taste into an art form.
14
Q
towards the west
A
westward
/ˈwestwəd/
- in a westward direction*
- Within hours, she was free to resume her journey westward.*
from westward. He sailed (= navigua) westward from Palos de la Frontera.
15
Q
showing strong interest and attention
A
intent
/ɪnˈtent/
- an intent gaze/look*
- She looked from one intent face to another.*
- His face filled with an intent curiosity.*
- His eyes were suddenly intent.*
- Rodney had been intent on every word.*
16
Q
to come together and fight or compete in a contest
A
[intransitive] to clash (with sb.)
/klæʃ/
- The two sets of supporters clashed outside the stadium.*
- Demonstrators clashed violently with police.*
- They often clash violently with rival gangs.*
17
Q
(formal) concerning sb./sth.
also: ?
A
in regard to sb./sth.
/ɪn rɪˈɡɑːd tu/
also: with regard to sb./sth.
/wɪð rɪˈɡɑːd tu/
in regard to. a country’s laws in regard to human rights
It will have to declare its intentions in regard to jobs and the location of work.
with regard to. The company’s position with regard to overtime is made clear in their contracts.
I am writing with regard to your recent order.
18
Q
(adj.) done to stop sb. taking action, especially action that will be harmful to yourself
also: ?
adverb: ?
A
[usually before noun] pre-emptive
/priˈemptɪv/
also: preemptive
adverb: pre-emptively
/priˈemptɪvli/
- a pre-emptive attack on the military base*
- A preemptive strike against a sovereign nation raises moral and legal issues.*
- The Treasury has decided to raise interest rates as a pre-emptive measure against inflation.*
19
Q
(formal) to show clearly that sth. exists or is true
A
[transitive] to argue (sth.)
/ˈɑːɡjuː/
- her looks argue despair*
- The evidence argues a change in policy.*
- These latest developments argue a change in government policy.*
20
Q
to stop sth. unpleasant or harmful from happening or from getting worse
A
to combat sth.
/ˈkɒmbæt/
- Measures to combat unemployment/violent crime have been proposed.*
- She argued that the only way to combat inflation effectively was to keep interest rates high.*
- The country has appealed for aid to combat serious shortages of foodstuffs.*
21
Q
to stop developing or making progress
A
[intransitive] to stagnate
/stæɡˈneɪt/
- Profits have stagnated.*
- I feel I’m stagnating in this job.*
- Businesses must adapt to change or stagnate.*
22
Q
(idiom.) used to show that sth. has been stated, and you do not know if it is true or not
A
[transitive] to be reported
/rɪˈpɔːtɪd/
to be reported to do sth. She is reported to earn over $10 million a year.
to be reported as doing sth. The president is reported as saying that he needs a break.
to be reported as sth. Opinion has been reported as fact.
it is reported (that)… It was reported that changes were being considered.
23
Q
the important facts, ideas or events that support sth. and that it can develop from
plural: ?
A
basis
/ˈbeɪsɪs/
plural: bases
/ˈbeɪsiːz/
The basis of a good marriage is trust.
basis for sth. This article will form the basis for our discussion.
as a/the basis for sth. These results will serve as a basis for more detailed research.
basis in sth. The theory seems to have no basis in fact.
24
Q
(formal) to organise and/or do a particular activity
A
[transitive] to conduct sth.
/kənˈdʌkt/
- to conduct a test/trial*
- to conduct research/business*
- The battalion had been preparing to conduct operations in the same area.*
- The negotiations have been conducted in a positive manner.*
25
to reach the age when they have an adult’s legal rights and responsibilities
**to** **come of age**
/kʌm əv eɪdʒ/
* The money will go to the children when they come of age.*
* The company was to be held in trust for Eddie until he came of age.*
* My parents came of age during the 1960s.*
26
different from what is regular or normal, that does not happen very often
_syn.:_ ?
**unusual**
/ʌnˈjuːʒuəl/
_syn.:_ uncommon
/ʌnˈkɒmən/
* The case is highly unusual.*
* Police then took the unusual step of publishing the names and pictures of the two suspects.*
***it is unusual for sb./sth. to do sth.** It is not unusual for college students to live at home* (= it happens often).
*It's unusual for the trees to flower so early.*
***it is unusual to do sth.** It was a bit unusual to see her up and about before nine in the morning.*
27
interesting and unusual enough to attract attention
_syn.:_ ?
**striking**
/ˈstraɪkɪŋ/
_syn.:_ marked
/mɑːkt/
* The similarities between the two cases are striking.*
* What is immediately striking is how resourceful the children are.*
* In striking contrast to their brothers, the girls were both intelligent and charming.*
28
to describe or present sb./sth. in a particular way
*[transitive]* **to cast** sb./yourself
/kɑːst/
***to cast sb./yourself as sth.** He cast himself as the innocent victim of a hate campaign.*
*Democrats have been worried about being cast as the party of the poor.*
***to cast sb./yourself in sth.** The press were quick to cast her in the role of the ‘other woman’.*
29
*(formal)* important; that will have important effects or results
_opp.:_ ?
**consequential**
/ˌkɒnsɪˈkwenʃl/
_opp.:_ inconsequential
/ɪnˌkɒnsɪˈkwenʃl/
* The report discusses a number of consequential matters that are yet to be decided.*
* Something had gone wrong: there was talk of consequential losses.*
* From a medical standpoint, a week is usually not a consequential delay.*
30
in a way that has a strong effect; in a way that makes sth. very clear
**forcibly**
/ˈfɔːsəbli/
* It struck me forcibly how honest he'd been.*
* They will all argue forcibly that poor people need more money.*
* Gina was forcibly reminded of their first meeting.*
* The subject has been brought forcibly to my mind.*
31
causing devastation or damage
**destructive**
/dɪˈstrʌktɪv/
* the destructive effects of anxiety*
* The war demonstrated the destructive power of modern weapons.*
* Opencast* (= à ciel ouvert) *coal mining is among the most environmentally destructive activities carried out in Wales.*
32
to stop the supply of sth. to sb.
*[phrasal verb; often passive]* **to cut** sb./sth. **off**
/'kʌt ɒf/
* They were cut off for not paying their phone bill.*
* Our phone's been cut off.*
* The rebels have cut off electricity from the capital.*
33
on or to the further side of sth.
**beyond**
/bɪˈjɒnd/
* In the distance, beyond the river, was a small town.*
* The road continues beyond the village up into the hills.*
* The need to defend itself against its enemies inside its borders and beyond.*
34
a person’s continued support for a political party, religion, ruler, etc.
*[countable, uncount.]* **allegiance**
/əˈliːdʒəns/
* an oath/a vow/a statement of allegiance*
* People of various party allegiances joined the campaign.*
***allegiance (to sb./sth.)** He affirmed his allegiance to the president.*
*New officers take an oath of allegiance to their country.*
35
to encourage sb. or give them help; to give financial support to sb./sth.
*[transitive]* **to back** sb./sth.
/bæk/
* Doctors have backed plans to raise the tax on cigarettes.*
* Her parents backed her in her choice of career.*
* The project to improve healthcare is backed* (= given financial support) *by the government.*
* a United Nations-backed peace plan*
* His election bid was financially backed by a soft drinks company.*
36
including all, or almost all, the items, details, facts, information, etc., that may be concerned
_syn.:_ 2
**comprehensive**
/ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv/
_syn.:_ complete, full
/kəmˈpliːt/ , /fʊl/
* a comprehensive study*
* The list is fairly comprehensive.*
* comprehensive insurance* (= covering all risks)
37
*(adv.)* without being aware of what you are doing
_opp.:_ ?
**unconsciously**
/ʌnˈkɒnʃəsli/
_opp.:_ consciously
/ˈkɒnʃəsli/
* He may be unconsciously looking for a mother figure.*
* Perhaps, unconsciously, I've done something to offend her.*
* Young managers are either consciously or unconsciously uncomfortable with hiring older workers.*
38
not lasting a long time; designed only for a brief period of time in the future
*[usually before noun]* **short-term**
/ˌʃɔːt ˈtɜːm/
* a short-term loan*
* to find work on a short-term contract*
* a short-term solution to the problem*
* His short-term memory* (= the ability to remember things that happened a short time ago) *is failing.*
39
to fail to keep level with sb./sth.
*[phrasal verb]* **to fall behind**
/fɔːl bɪˈhaɪnd/
* Boris is falling behind all the top players.*
* Those who fall behind economically and socially will not be able to find the time to be involved politically.*
* Evans had rheumatic fever, missed school and fell behind.*
40
in a way that is not good enough; not well
_syn.:_ ?
**poorly**
/ˈpɔːli/
_syn.:_ badly
/ˈbædli/
* The movie is poorly acted.*
* a poorly attended meeting* (= at which there are not many people)
* Our candidate fared poorly in the election* (= did not get many votes).
41
to be the place, period, organization, etc. in which particular events take place
*[transitive]* **to witness** sth.
/ˈwɪtnəs/
* Recent years have witnessed a growing social mobility.*
* The retail trade is witnessing a sharp fall in sales.*
* The last century witnessed an unprecedented increase in violent crime.*
42
to have an important effect on sb./sth.; to influence the way that sth. happens
*[usually passive]* **to condition**
/kənˈdɪʃn/
***be conditioned (by sth.)** Gender roles are often conditioned by cultural factors.*
* National choices are conditioned by the international political economy.*
* We are all conditioned by early impressions and experiences.*
43
*(formal)* to begin to have a particular quality or appearance
_syn.:_ ?
**to assume** sth.
/əˈsjuːm/
_syn.:_ to take sth. on
* This matter has assumed considerable importance.*
* In the story the god assumes the form of an eagle.*
44
providing the right conditions for sth., making it easy, possible or likely to happen or exist
**conducive** (to sth.)
/kənˈdjuːsɪv/
* Chairs in rows are not as conducive to discussion as chairs arranged in a circle.*
* The soft lights and music were conducive to a relaxed atmosphere.*
* an environment conducive to learning*
45
a sign that shows you what sth. is like or how a situation is changing
**indicator**
/ˈɪndɪkeɪtə(r)/
* The economic indicators are better than expected.*
* These atmospheric waves are a reliable indicator of weather changes.*
* Gold prices are often seen as an indicator of inflation.*
46
an act of giving sth. to sb. or doing sth. for sb. and receiving sth. in return
*[countable, uncount.]* **exchange**
/ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/
* The exchange of prisoners took place this morning.*
* an exchange of fire* (= between enemy soldiers)
***in exchange for sth.** Wool and timber were sent to Egypt in exchange for linen or papyrus.*
***in exchange.** I'll type your report if you'll babysit in exchange.*
47
*(of a town, natural feature, etc.)* to be located in a particular place
*[intransitive]* **to** **lie** (+ adv./prep.)
/laɪ/
* The town lies on the coast.*
* The palace (/ˈpæləs/) lies just outside the city walls.*
* The site lies next to the old library building.*
* The airport lies 50 miles east of the city.*
48
an idea, a belief or an understanding of sth.; an inclusive general concept
**notion**
/ˈnəʊʃn/
***notion of sth.** the agreement now includes a clear definition of the notion of producer*
***notion that…** I have to reject the notion that greed can be a good thing.*
***notion how, what, why, etc…** I haven't the faintest notion how to get there.*
***notion about sth.** I don't have any romantic notions about rural living.*
49
not achieving what you want to achieve or getting the result you seek; not having any result
_opp.:_ ?
**ineffective**
/ˌɪnɪˈfektɪv/
_opp.:_ effective
/ɪˈfektɪv/
* The new drug was ineffective.*
* These policies have proved ineffective.*
* It has been criticised as an unfair and ineffective system.*
***ineffective in doing sth.** The law proved ineffective in dealing with the problem.*
50
to fail to properly appreciate sb./sth., especially as a result of overfamiliarity;
also used to show that you accept that sth. is true, often before you make another statement about it
**to take** (sb./sth.) **for granted**
/teɪk fɔː(r) ˈɡrɑːntɪd/
* Her husband was always there and she just took him for granted.*
* We take having an endless supply of clean water for granted.*
* A paradigm is a set of beliefs about what should be taken for granted.*
51
based on the belief that countries should work together in a friendly way
_noun:_ ?
**internationalist**
/ˌɪntəˈnæʃnəlɪst/
_noun:_ internationalist
* It decided to ignore political solutions and to forget Canada's internationalist tradition.*
* a more genuinely internationalist view of U.S. participation in peace-keeping*
* She was a committed internationalist and had first-hand experience of UN missions.*
52
connected with material goods or the society in which we live rather than with intellectual or religious things
_opp.:_ ?
*[only before noun]* **worldly**
/ˈwɜːldli/
_opp.:_ *[only before noun]* spiritual
/ˈspɪrɪtʃuəl/
* Religious devotion was equated with a rejection of worldly goods.*
* I think it is time you woke up and focused your thoughts on more worldly matters.*
* He has repeatedly criticized Western churches as too worldly and too entrenched in consumerism.*
53
to promise sincerely that you will definitely do sth., keep to an agreement or arrangement, etc.
*[transitive, often passive]* **to commit**
/kəˈmɪt/
*The President is committed to reforming health care.*
***to commit sb./yourself.** They want to see the text of the proposed treaty before fully committing themselves.*
***to commit sb./yourself to sth.** Making an application does not commit you to anything.*
***to commit sb./yourself to doing sth.** Borrowers should think carefully before committing themselves to taking out a loan.*
***to commit sb./yourself to do sth.** Both sides committed themselves to settle the dispute peacefully.*
54
*(idiom.)* in addition to sb./sth.; in the same way as sb./sth.
**along with** sb./sth.
/əˈlɒŋ wɪθ/
* She lost her job when the factory closed, along with hundreds of others.*
* consider the advantages along with the disadvantages*
* A smell of cigarette smoke and beer clung to his clothes, along with a whiff of malt whisky*
55
to make progress (further than others have done)
*[phrasal verb]* **to get ahead**
/ɡet əˈhed/
*She wants to get ahead in her career.*
***to get ahead of sb.** He soon got ahead of the others in his class.*
*A small economic advantage at the beginning allowed to get ever further ahead of other states.*
56
*(adj.; sometimes disapproving)* connected with the belief in and process of increasing the size and importance of sth., especially a country or a business
**expansionist**
/ɪkˈspænʃənɪst/
* The party opposes expansionist economic policies.*
* The bank does not pursue an expansionist strategy.*
* Expansionist policies led to problems with the country’s balance of payments.*
* The retailer cancelled its expansionist plans to open stores in three new cities.*
57
done without thought about what the result may be, especially when it causes people to be harmed
**indiscriminate**
/ˌɪndɪˈskrɪmɪnət/
* indiscriminate attacks on motorists by youths throwing stones*
* the indiscriminate nature of nuclear weapons*
* Doctors have been criticized for their indiscriminate use of antibiotics.*
58
*(US, informal)* a decision or a problem that you do not need to think about much because it is obvious what you should do
**no-brainer**
/ˌnəʊ ˈbreɪnə(r)/
* The question of who to support in this election should be a no-brainer.*
* I said yes straight away. It was a no-brainer for me.*
* It should be illegal to drink and drive. That's a no-brainer.*
59
the act of trying to persuade or to force sb. to do sth.
*[uncountable]* **pressure**
/ˈpreʃə(r)/
*Teenagers may find it difficult to resist peer pressure.*
***pressure for sth.** The pressure for change continued to mount.*
***pressure on sb.** We are determined to keep up the pressure on the other member states.*
***pressure on sb. to do sth.** There is intense pressure on her to resign.*
***pressure to do sth.** In every society there is strong pressure to conform.*
***pressure from sb./sth.** The company is facing increasing pressure from shareholders*
60
to reduce sth. or to become less in value, quality, etc.
_opp.:_ ?
*[transitive, intr.]* **to** **lower**
/ˈləʊə(r)/
_opp.:_ to raise
/reɪz/
*Her voice lowered as she spoke.*
***to lower sth.** This drug is used to lower blood pressure.*
*a proposal to lower the voting age to 16*
61
highest in position, rank or degree
*[usually before noun]* **top**
/tɒp/
* He lives on the top floor.*
* She kept her passport in the top drawer.*
* The score is in the top left-hand corner of the screen.*
* The athletes are all on top form* (= performing their best).
62
a combination of different things
*[countable, usually singular]* **mixture**
/ˈmɪkstʃə(r)/
*She was a curious mixture, part grand lady, part wild child.*
***mixture of A and B.** The city is a mixture of old and new buildings*.
*Anger is often caused by frustration or embarrassment, or a mixture of the two.*
63
to invent sth. new or a new way of doing sth.
_syn.:_ ?
**to devise** sth.
/dɪˈvaɪz/
_syn.:_ to think up
/'θɪŋk ʌp/
* A new system has been devised to control traffic in the city.*
* Scientists have devised a method of recycling the contaminated oil.*
* We must devise a new system for dealing with complaints.*
* specially devised tests*
64
to make sth. increase, or become better or more successful
**to boost** sth.
/buːst/
* Getting that job did a lot to boost his ego* (= make him feel more confident).
* to boost exports/profits*
* to boost productivity/spending*
* The movie helped boost her screen career.*
65
the state or quality of being better, more skilful, more powerful, greater, etc. than others
*[uncountable]* **superiority**
/suːˌpɪəriˈɒrəti/
*to have naval/air superiority* (= more ships/planes than the enemy)
***superiority in sth.** We should make use of our superiority in numbers.*
***superiority to/over sth./sb.** the company's clear technological superiority over its rivals*
*He wants to show its superiority to its neighborhoods.*
66
to direct or influence sb.’s behaviour or the development of sth.
**to guide** sb./sth.
/ɡaɪd/
* He was always guided by his religious beliefs.*
* The following principles guided the development of the project.*
* This book will serve to guide you in the fulfilment of a successful relationship.*
67
to have an important influence on the way that sb./sth. develops, especially a belief or idea, or sb's character
*[transitive]* **to shape** sb./sth.
/ʃeɪp/
* the historical circumstances that shaped their lives.*
* She had a leading role in shaping party policy.*
* You are helping to shape the future of this country.*
68
a group of people who work together to achieve sth., especially by putting pressure on the government, etc., usually on behalf of people who are unable to speak for themselves
**advocacy group**
/ˈædvəkəsi ɡruːp/
* an advocacy group for the rights of the mentally ill*
* Consumer advocacy groups are not so enthusiastic about removing restrictions on the telephone companies.*
* He got a reminder from the business advocacy group that he should be looking at taxes.*
69
an indirect and usually bad result of an action or event that may happen some time afterwards
_syn.:_ ?
*[usually plural]* **repercussion**
/ˌriːpəˈkʌʃn/
_syn.:_ consequence
/ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/
* These actions have potential repercussions.*
* Anne felt the repercussions of the earlier incident.*
* The collapse of the company will have repercussions for the whole industry.*
* The international repercussions are still being felt today.*
70
*(formal ; of a state, country, etc.)* to officially leave an organisation of states, countries, etc. and become independent
*[intransitive]* **to secede** (from sth.)
/sɪˈsiːd/
* The Republic of Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903.*
* Sectors of the Basque and Catalan populations would like to secede from Spain.*
* On 20 August 1960 Senegal seceded.*
71
a cruel and violent act, especially in a war
_plural:_ ?
*[uncountable ; count., usually plural]* **atrocity**
/əˈtrɒsəti/
_plural:_ atrocities
/əˈtrɒsəti:z/
* atrocities against the civilian population*
* In the war, both sides committed atrocities.*
* These people are guilty of acts of appalling atrocity* (= cruelty).
72
the opportunity or ability to do or achieve sth.
_syn.:_ ?
*[uncountable]* **scope**
/skəʊp/
_syn.:_ potential
/pəˈtenʃl/
***scope for sth.** There's still plenty of scope for improvement.*
***scope to do sth.** The extra money will give us the scope to improve our facilities.*
***within sb's scope.** First try to do something that is within your scope.*
73
a person who watches and studies particular events, situations, etc. and is therefore considered to be an expert on them
**observer**
/əbˈzɜːvə(r)/
* an observer of the American cultural scene*
* To Western observers, their political system is strikingly different.*
* Some military observers fear the US could get entangled in another war.*
74
*(formal)* existing in large numbers
_syn.:_ ?
**numerous**
/ˈnjuːmərəs/
_syn.:_ many
/ˈmeni/
* He has been late on numerous occasions.*
* I tried numerous times to talk to Chris.*
* The advantages of this system are too numerous to mention.*
75
*(formal)* to end with a particular result, or at a particular point; to develop until it reaches this point
*[intransitive]* **to culminate** (in/with sth.)
/ˈkʌlmɪneɪt/
* a gun battle which culminated in the death of two police officers*
* Months of hard work culminated in success.*
* Their summer tour will culminate at a spectacular concert in London.*
76
the level of importance that is given to sth.
*[uncountable ; count., usually singular]* **status**
/ˈsteɪtəs/
* This institution reflects the high status accorded to science in our culture*
* This sort of bike has status among teenagers.*
* the United States' rise to superpower status*
* The novel soon assumed the status of a modern classic.*
77
to cause pain, worry or difficulties to sb./sth. over a period of time
_syn.:_ ?
**to plague** sb./sth. with sth.
/pleɪɡ/
_syn.:_ to trouble
/ˈtrʌbl/
* Financial problems are plaguing the company.*
* The team has been plagued by injury this season.*
* Economic problems continued to plague the country.*
78
*(formal)* a person who works in a profession, especially medicine or law
**practitioner**
/prækˈtɪʃənə(r)/
* a qualified practitioner*
* dental practitioners*
* From the first, she'd identified him as an expert practitioner.*
79
in a way that shows you are very involved in the work or activities of sb. else, usually seeing and talking to them regularly
**closely**
/ˈkləʊsli/
* The organization works closely with customers in nearly 100 countries.*
* The Royal Navy was closely involved in the early development of wireless technology.*
* They collaborated closely together for the next four years*
80
*(adv.)* very much ; to a very great extent or degree
**vastly**
/ˈvɑːstli/
* I'm a vastly different person now.*
* Education in general is vastly underfunded.*
* The quality of the training has vastly improved.*
81
not organized into a clear, organized set of ideas or a particular way of doing sth.
_opp.:_ ?
**unsystematic**
/ˌʌnˌsɪstəˈmætɪk/
_opp.:_ systematic
/ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk/
* The site was excavated in an unsystematic way.*
* Training for volunteers is patchy and unsystematic.*
* This increases the danger that the law will become confusing, unsystematic and unpredictable for both citizens and the business sector.*
82
*(of an arrangement, a relationship, etc.)* to fail
_related noun:_ ?
**to break down**
/breɪk daʊn/
_related noun:_ breakdown
/ˈbreɪkdaʊn/
* Negotiations between the two sides have broken down.*
* Their marriage had broken down irretrievably* (= you can never make it right or get it back)*.*
* Talks with business leaders broke down last night.*
83
*(adj.)* showing strong negative and bitter feelings, in an aggressive way
**virulent**
/ˈvɪrələnt/
* Anti-Roma* (= contre les Roms) *discourse appears to be becoming increasingly virulent and wide-spread.*
* She is a virulent critic of US energy policy.*
* Friends spoke of 'a virulent personal campaign' being waged against him.*
84
the killing of millions of Jews by the Nazis in the 1930s and 1940s
**Holocaust**
/ˈhɒləkɔːst/
* Her grandparents were killed during the Holocaust.*
* the repeated denial of the Holocaust by representatives of the Iranian government*
* an Israeli-based fund for survivors of the Holocaust and their families*
85
giving all your attention to sth.
**intent** on/upon sth.
/ɪnˈtent/
* I was so intent on my work that I didn't notice the time.*
* The bright brown eyes were intent on Marie.*
* She was very intent on her work.*
86
as an emblem; in a way that involves or uses a thing that represents a more general quality or situation
**symbolically**
/sɪmˈbɒlɪkli/
* Each circle symbolically represents the whole of humanity.*
* a symbolically significant event*
* It was a simple enough gesture, but symbolically important*
87
*(adv.)* used to say that you think that sth. is probably true, or what you think is the likely situation
**presumably**
/prɪˈzjuːməbli/
* Presumably this is where the accident happened.*
* I couldn't concentrate, presumably because I was so tired.*
* You'll be taking the car, presumably?*
88
sth. that you allow or do, or allow sb. to have, in order to end an argument or to make a situation less difficult
*[countable, uncount.]* **concession**
/kənˈseʃn/
* The firm will be forced to make concessions if it wants to avoid a strike.*
* a major/an important concession*
* She made no concession to his age; she expected him to work as hard as she did.*
89
to go and deal with a problem or difficult situation
_syn.:_ ?
**to confront** sth.
/kənˈfrʌnt/
_syn.:_ to face up to
/feɪs ʌp tu/
* She knew that she had to confront her fears.*
* The new state confronted head-on* (= frontalement) *the question of national identity.*
* He is willing to confront problems directly.*
90
not completely, but for the most part, in the first place
_syn.:_ 2
**chiefly**
/ˈtʃiːfli/
_syn.:_ mainly, primarily
/ˈmeɪnli/, /praɪˈmerəli/
* He's travelled widely, chiefly in Africa and Asia.*
* We are chiefly concerned with improving educational standards.*
* The dollar finished the day lower, chiefly because of expectations of a cut in US interest rates.*
91
to be convenient or useful for sb.
*[no passive; not used in the progressive tenses]* **to suit** (sb./sth.)
/suːt/
***to suit sb./sth.** If we met at 2, would that suit you?*
*Choose a computer to suit your particular needs.*
***it suits sb. to do sth.** It suits me to start work at a later time.*
92
that is likely to be correct or true, based on experience
**reliable**
/rɪˈlaɪəbl/
* reliable information/data*
* Our information comes from a reliable source.*
* Prosecution lawyers tried to show that she was not a reliable witness.*
93
*(formal)* afterwards; later; after sth. else has happened
**subsequently**
/ˈsʌbsɪkwəntli/
* The original interview notes were subsequently lost.*
* Subsequently, new guidelines were issued to all employees.*
* He subsequently became chairman of the party.*
94
*(formal)* to create, set up or establish sth.
**to** **erect** sth.
/ɪˈrekt/
* to erect trade barriers*
* He erected a new doctrine of precedent.*
* Officials have stressed the importance of erecting a solid regional infrastructure to facilitate trade.*
95
the conditions that people offer, demand or accept when they make an agreement, an arrangement or a contract
*[plural]* **terms**
/tɜːmz/
* Peace terms*
* These are the terms and conditions of your employment.*
***under the terms of sth.** Under the terms of the agreement, their funding of the project will continue until 2025.*
***terms for sth.** We are negotiating terms for the development of the site.*
96
*(economy)* an act of giving money to a company, a foreign country, etc. that has very serious financial problems
**bailout**
/ˈbeɪlaʊt/
* The airline was saved by a government bailout.*
* one of the biggest government bailouts of a private company in years.*
* The administration assembled the $50 billion emergency bailout package to ease a financial crisis in Mexico.*
97
to emphasise sth., especially so that people give it more attention
**to highlight** sth.
/ˈhaɪlaɪt/
* The report highlights the major problems facing society today.*
* Students highlighted the need for better communication between staff.*
* The earthquake highlighted the vulnerability of elevated highways.*
98
*(formal)* to point, show or establish the limits of sth., especially spatially
**to demarcate** (sth.)
/ˈdiːmɑːkeɪt/
* Plots of land have been demarcated by barbed wire.*
* A special U.N. commission was formed to demarcate the border.*
* The police demarcated the city into eighteen geographical divisions.*
99
to move from one place to another; to move sth./sb. from one place to another
*[transitive, intr.]* **to transfer**
/trænsˈfɜː(r)/
***to transfer (to sth.)** The film studio is transferring to Hollywood.*
***to transfer from sth. to sth.** The system only allows air to go one way, preventing air from transferring from one tire to another.*
***to transfer sth./sb. from sth. to sth.** How can I transfer money from my bank account to his?*
***to transfer sth./sb. to sth.** The patient was transferred to another hospital.*
***to transfer sth./sb. from sth. (especially North American English)** I couldn't transfer all my credits from junior college.*
***to transfer sth.** Assets can be transferred overseas.*
***to transfer sth. into/onto sth.** She transferred the sauce into a china jug.*
***to transfer between A and B.** The honeybee transfers pollen between flowers.*
100
to start an armed conflict with another country
**to go to war**
/ɡəʊ tu wɔː(r)/
* We went to war on the basis of destroying weapons of mass destruction.*
* Do you think this crisis can be settled without going to war?*
* They didn't necessarily have any will or desire to go to war: they were forced to do so.*
