Révisions Anglais 2022 - A Flashcards
1
Q
(formal) to make sth. necessary or appropriate in a particular situation
syn.: ?
A
to warrant
/ˈwɒrənt/
syn.: to justify
to warrant sth. The TV appearance was so brief that it hardly warranted comment.
They do not consider the case serious enough to warrant a government enquiry.
to warrant (sb./sth.) doing sth. The situation scarcely warrants their/them being dismissed.
2
Q
to perplex or confuse sb., especially by a complexity, variety, or multitude of objects or considerations
A
[usually passive] to bewilder sb.
/bɪˈwɪldə(r)/
- She was totally bewildered by his sudden change of mood.*
- His complete lack of interest in money bewilders his family.*
- He was rather bewildered at seeing her there.*
3
Q
the act of carefully watching a person suspected of a crime or a place where a crime may be committed
syn.: ?
A
surveillance
/sərˈveɪləns/
syn.: observation
/ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃn/
- surveillance cameras/equipment*
- The images were covertly captured on surveillance tape.*
- The police are keeping the suspects under constant surveillance.*
4
Q
(noun) how large, important, serious, etc. sth. is
A
[countable, usually singular; uncount.] extent
/ɪkˈstent/
- I was amazed at the extent of his knowledge.*
- It is difficult to assess the full extent of the damage.*
- She was exaggerating the true extent of the problem.*
5
Q
(formal) to find or employ measures to obtain or accomplish sth.; to do sth. or try to achieve sth. over a period of time
A
to pursue
/pəˈsjuː/
- Certain goals are worth pursuing*
- She wishes to pursue a medical career.*
- We intend to pursue this policy with determination.*
6
Q
to feel or show that you think sb./sth. is stupid and you do not respect them or it
syn.: ?
A
to scorn sb./sth.
/skɔːn/
syn.: to dismiss
/dɪsˈmɪs/
- His brother had always scorned him.*
- She scorned their views as old-fashioned.*
- Such methods are scorned by reputable practitioners.*
7
Q
to do things in a particular way
syn.: ?
A
[intransitive] to behave + adv./prep.
/bɪˈheɪv/
syn.: to act
/ækt/
- He behaved like a true gentleman.*
- The doctor behaved very unprofessionally.*
- He behaved as if/though nothing had happened.*
8
Q
(formal) to force sb. to do sth.; to make sth. necessary
A
[transitive, intr.] to compel
/kəmˈpel/
to compel sb. to do sth. The law can compel fathers to make regular payments for their children.
The court has powers to compel witnesses to attend.
to compel sth. Last year ill health compelled his retirement.
9
Q
the state of not being able to decide what to do in a difficult situation
plur.: ?
syn.: ?
A
[usually singular] quandary
/ˈkwɒndəri/
plur.: quandaries
syn.: dilemma
/dɪˈlemə/
in a quandary. George was in a quandary—should he go or shouldn’t he?
- The government appears to be in a quandary about what to do with so many people.*
- This placed the government in something of a quandary.*
10
Q
that makes you pay attention to it because it is so interesting and exciting
A
compelling
/kəmˈpelɪŋ/
- Her latest book makes compelling reading.*
- a frighteningly violent yet compelling film*
- Her eyes were her best feature, wide-set and compelling.*
11
Q
(old-fashioned or formal) difficult or delicate
A
vexing
/ˈveksɪŋ/
- He might have fallen into the veteran’s trap of looking for easy solutions to vexing problems.*
- We will be returning to this theme, which is particularly vexing to modern readers, in subsequent chapters.*
12
Q
(formal or specialist) the act of putting together different items, amounts, etc. into a single group or total
A
[countable, uncount.] aggregation
/ˌæɡrɪˈɡeɪʃn/
- the aggregation of data*
- Installation art - the aggregation of objects in a space – has long dominated the visual arts.*
- Strategic networks are an aggregation of autonomous organizations that retain their own identity.*
13
Q
(especially British English) to show that sb. is right or that sth. is true
A
[phrasal verb; not used in the progressive tenses] to bear (sb./sth. ↔) out
/beə(r) aʊt/
- The other witnesses will bear me out.*
- The other witnesses will bear out what I say.*
- The theory that free trade would increase prosperity was borne out in the postwar economic boom.*
14
Q
an arrangement, a promise or a contract made with sb.
A
agreement
/əˈɡriːmənt/
- an international peace agreement*
- The agreement* (= the document recording the agreement) was signed during a meeting at the UN.
agreement with sb. They have entered into a free trade agreement with Australia.
agreement between A and B. An agreement was finally reached between management and employees.
agreement to do sth. They had an agreement never to talk about work at home.
under an agreement. The software is provided under a license agreement and may not be copied without permission.
15
Q
to search a place, making it look untidy and causing damage
syn.: ?
A
[phrasal verb] to tear sth. apart
/teə(r) əˈpɑːt/
syn.: to rip sth. apart
/rɪp əˈpɑːt/
They tore the room apart, looking for money.
16
Q
to develop in a successful way
A
[phrasal verb] to work out
/wɜːk aʊt/
- My first job didn’t work out.*
- Things have worked out quite well for us.*
- I told her I didn’t think things would work out between us.*
17
Q
to help sth. to happen or develop
syn.: ?
A
to promote
/prəˈməʊt/
syn.: to encourage
/ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/
- policies to promote economic growth*
- The exhibition was intended to promote interest in contemporary sculpture.*
- We think football can help to promote the idea of a multicultural and multiethnic society.*
18
Q
the importance of sth., especially when this has an effect on what happens in the future
A
[countable, uncount.] significance
/sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns/
- a decision of major political significance*
- They discussed the statistical significance of the results.*
- We should be fully aware of the significance of television in shaping our ideas.*
19
Q
to try hard to find a solution to a problem
A
[intransitive] to grapple
/ˈɡræpl/
to grapple with sth. A government trying to grapple with inflation.
an attempt to grapple with this very difficult issue
to grapple to do sth. I was grappling to find an answer to his question.
20
Q
the act of stopping sth. from continuing in the normal way
A
[countable, uncount.] disruption (to sb./sth.)
/dɪsˈrʌpʃn/
- disruptions to rail services*
- The strike caused serious disruptions.*
- We aim to help you move house with minimum disruption to yourself.*
21
Q
(adj.) not behaving or done with confidence
syn.: ?
A
tentative
/ˈtentətɪv/
syn.: hesitant
/ˈhezɪtənt/
- a tentative greeting*
- Her English is correct but tentative.*
- She did not return his tentative smile.*
- My first attempts at complaining were rather tentative.*
22
Q
to give sth. to sb. or allow them to use sth. that belongs to you, which they have to return to you later
syn.: ?
A
to lend
/lend/
syn.: to loan
/ləʊn/
to lend sth. They will lend equipment free of charge.
to lend sth. to sb. I’ve lent the car to a friend.
to lend out sth. The gallery has been willing to lend out works of art in the past.
to lend sb. sth. Can you lend me £10?
to lend out sth. to sb. The charity lends out toys to children with special needs and disabilities.
23
Q
(formal) to be the basis or cause of sth.
A
[no passive] to underlie sth.
/ˌʌndəˈlaɪ/
- These ideas underlie much of his work.*
- Try to figure out what feeling underlies your anger.*
- It is a principle that underlies all the party’s policies.*
24
Q
likely to have a lot of influence or many effects
A
far-reaching
/ˌfɑː ˈriːtʃɪŋ/
- far-reaching implications*
- far-reaching changes/reforms*
- The decision by the European Court will have far-reaching consequences.*
25
to finish sth. that you have started
*[phrasal verb]* **to follow through** (with sth.)
/ˈfɒləʊ θruː/
* We must be prepared to follow through with that threat if everything else fails.*
* Once the assessment is done and the plan in place, it's up to you to follow through.*
* The leadership has been unwilling to follow through the implications of these ideas.*
26
to accept behaviour that is morally wrong or to treat it as if it were not serious
**to condone** sth. | **to condone** sb. doing sth.
/kənˈdəʊn/
* Terrorism can never be condoned.*
* I have never encouraged nor condoned violence.*
* The college cannot condone any behaviour that involves illicit drugs.*
27
easily seen
_syn.:_ ?
**prominent**
/ˈprɒmɪnənt/
_syn.:_ noticeable
/ˈnəʊtɪsəbl/
* The church tower was a prominent feature in the landscape.*
* The story was given a prominent position on the front page.*
* New books are displayed in a prominent position on tables at the front of the store.*
28
to make ideas, feelings, etc. known to sb.
_syn.:_ ?
**to convey**
/kənˈveɪ/
_syn.:_ to communicate
/kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/
***to convey sth.** Colours like red convey a sense of energy and strength.*
***(formal) to convey sth. to sb.** Please convey my apologies to your wife.*
***to convey how, what, etc…** He tried desperately to convey how urgent the situation was.*
***to convey that…** She did not wish to convey that they were all at fault.*
29
a person who sees sth. that is happening but is not involved
_syn.:_ 2
**bystander**
/ˈbaɪstændə(r)/
_syn.:_ onlooker, witness
/ˈɒnlʊkə(r)/ , /ˈwɪtnəs/
* Three innocent bystanders were killed in the crossfire.*
* The suspect was pictured wielding a knife in a photograph taken by a bystander.*
* Finally he found a pleasant square where he took some pictures of buildings and then asked a bystander to take one of himself.*
30
to try to persuade sb. to do sth. by suggesting that it is a fair, reasonable or honest thing to do
*[intransitive]* **to appeal** (to sth.)
/əˈpiːl/
*They needed to appeal to his sense of justice.*
31
*(adv.)* used to introduce an idea that is different or opposite to the idea that you have stated previously
**rather**
/ˈrɑːðə(r)/
* The walls were not white, but rather a sort of dirty grey.*
* The problem is not in the whole system, but rather in one small part.*
* But there must be no talk of final victory; rather, the long, hard slog to a solution.*
32
to appear or happen, especially when it is not expected
_syn.:_ ?
*[phrasal verb]* **to crop up**
/krɒp ʌp/
_syn.:_ to come up
/kʌm ʌp/
* His name just cropped up in conversation.*
* I'll be late—something's cropped up at home.*
* Problems will crop up and hit you before you are ready.*
33
to state your opinions publicly, especially in opposition to sth. and in a way that takes courage
**to speak out**
/'spiːk aʊt/
* I will continue to speak out on matters of public concern.*
* Viktor Shklovsky spoke out in defence of the book.*
***to speak out against sth.** He was the only one to speak out against the decision.*
34
that you cannot be sure about; that is probably not good
**dubious**
/ˈdjuːbiəs/
* They consider the plan to be of dubious benefit to most families.*
* some highly dubious information*
***(ironic)** She had the dubious honour of being the last woman to be hanged in England* (= it was not an honour at all).
*He has the dubious distinction of being the world's most famous gangster.*
35
to make sb. decide to do sth. ; to cause sth. to happen
_syn.:_ ?
*[transitive]* **to prompt**
/prɒmpt/
_syn.:_ to provoke
/prəˈvəʊk/
***to prompt sb. to do sth.** The thought of her daughter's wedding day prompted her to lose some weight.*
***to prompt sth.** The discovery of the bomb prompted an increase in security.*
*His speech prompted an angry outburst from a man in the crowd.*
36
an idea or explanation of sth. that is based on a few known facts but that has not yet been proved to be true or correct
_plural:_ ?
_syn.:_ ?
*[countable]* **hypothesis**
/haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/
_plural:_ *[countable]* hypotheses
/haɪˈpɒθəsiːz/
_syn.:_ theory
/ˈθɪəri/
* to formulate/confirm a hypothesis*
* a hypothesis about the function of dreams*
* There is little evidence to support these hypotheses.*
37
to make sb. start to talk about or do sth. that is different from the main thing that they are supposed to be talking about or doing
*[usually passive]* **to sidetrack** sb. (into doing sth.)
/ˈsaɪdtræk/
* Don’t be sidetracked into discussing individual cases.*
* I was supposed to be writing a letter but I'm afraid I got sidetracked.*
* This last-minute agreement must not, however, sidetrack us from the reasons we are sitting at such a late hour.*
38
*(of a situation, problem, etc.)* to have sth. as a main or basic part
*[phrasal verb - not used in the progressive tenses]* **to boil down to** (sth.)
/bɔɪl daʊn tə/
* The argument/question/issue boils down to this:…*
* In the end, what it all boils down to is money, or the lack of it.*
* According to realists, every state's national interest boils down simply to getting more power.*
39
to think that sth. is the same as sth. else or is as important
**to equate** sth. (with sth.)
/iˈkweɪt/
* Money cannot be equated with happiness.*
* I don't see how you can equate the two things.*
* It might seem dubious to equate the causes of World War I with the causes of World War II.*
40
*(formal)* sth. that can show what will happen in the future
*[countable]* **predictor**
/prɪˈdɪktə(r)/
* Cholesterol level is not a strong predictor of heart disease in women.*
* Opinion polls are an unreliable predictor of election outcomes.*
* Reading ability at 15 is a major predictor of success, happiness and wealth.*
41
important in a situation but not always easily noticed or stated clearly
*[only before noun]* **underlying**
/ˌʌndəˈlaɪɪŋ/
* Unemployment may be an underlying cause of the rising crime rate.*
* The underlying assumption is that the amount of money available is limited.*
* He has no illusions about the underlying reality of army life.*
42
important or well known
**prominent**
/ˈprɒmɪnənt/
* a prominent politician*
* She was prominent in the fashion industry.*
* He played a prominent part in the campaign.*
43
to form a picture in your mind of what sth. might be like
*[transitive, intr.]* **to imagine**
/ɪˈmædʒɪn/
***to imagine sth.** The house was just as she had imagined it.*
***to imagine (that)…** Close your eyes and imagine (that) you are in a forest.*
***to imagine what, how, etc…** Can you imagine what it must be like to lose your job after 20 years?*
***to imagine doing sth.** Imagine earning that much money!*
***to imagine sb./sth. doing sth.** I can just imagine him saying that!*
***to imagine sb./sth. to be/do sth.** I had imagined her to be older than that.*
***to imagine sb./sth./yourself (as) sth.** He loved to imagine himself as the hero.*
44
*(adj.)* that makes you think it is true
**compelling**
/kəmˈpelɪŋ/
* There is no compelling reason to believe him.*
* The new studies provide compelling evidence in support of these concepts.*
* The logic of this point of view is not compelling and is not supported by the data.*
45
a strong desire to do sth., especially sth. that is wrong, silly or dangerous
_syn.:_ ?
*[countable]* **compulsion** (to do sth.)
/kəmˈpʌlʃn/
_syn.:_ urge
/ɜːdʒ/
* He felt a great compulsion to drive too fast.*
* He felt a great compulsion to tell her everything.*
* Obsessions and compulsions often develop in people who live stressful lives.*
46
needing to be dealt with immediately
_syn.:_ ?
*[usually before noun]* **pressing**
/ˈpresɪŋ/
_syn.:_ urgent
/ˈɜːdʒənt/
* I'm afraid I have some pressing business to attend to.*
* There is a pressing need for more specialist nurses.*
* The government seems to think that international problems are more pressing than domestic ones.*
47
each of two
**either**
/ˈaɪðə(r)/ ou /ˈiːðə(r)/
* The offices on either side were empty.*
* There's a door at either end of the corridor.*
* I suddenly realized that I didn't have a single intelligent thing to say about either team.*
48
to make a deeply felt request, especially for sth. that is needed immediately
*[intransitive]* **to appeal**
/əˈpiːl/
*There was a look of silent appeal on his face.*
***to appeal for sth.** Community leaders appealed for calm.*
***to appeal to sb.** Appeal directly to the public, answer their questions.*
***to appeal to sb. to do sth.** Organizers appealed to the crowd not to panic.*
***to appeal to sb. for sth.** The government appealed to the British people for help.*
49
*(formal)* to support or suggest an idea, development, or way of doing sth. publicly
**to advocate**
/ˈædvəkeɪt/
***to advocate sth.** The group does not advocate the use of violence.*
***to advocate (sb.) doing sth.** Many experts advocate rewarding your child for good behaviour.*
***to advocate that…** The report advocated that all buildings be fitted with smoke detectors.*
50
*(formal)* to advise sb. to do sth.
**to counsel**
/ˈkaʊnsl/
***to counsel sth.** Most experts counsel caution in such cases.*
***to counsel sb. to do sth.*** *He counselled them to give up the plan.*
*My advisers counselled me to do nothing.*
51
covering or affecting the whole world
*[usually before noun]* **global**
/ˈɡləʊbl/
* the global war on terror*
* the company’s domestic and global markets*
* the country's ability to compete on a global scale*
* This year the global economy will grow by about 4 per cent.*
52
ordinary; not special
**average**
/ˈævərɪdʒ/
* I was just an average sort of student.*
* The route is for walkers of average ability.*
* The quality has been pretty average* (= not very good).
53
an opinion on or an attitude towards a particular subject
**a position** (on sth.)
/pəˈzɪʃn/
*to declare/reconsider/shift/change your position on education reforms*
***position on sth.** the party’s position on education reforms*
***position that…** My parents always took the position that early nights meant healthy children.*
54
*(of two or more people)* to disagree with sb.
*[intransitive]* **to differ**
/ˈdɪfə(r)/
*The two parties differ on all the major issues.*
***to differ (with sb.) about/on/over sth.** I have to differ with you on that.*
***to differ (as to sth.)** Medical opinion differs as to how to treat the disease.*
55
not much; only slightly
**little**
/ˈlɪtl/
* I slept very little last night.*
* He is little known as an artist.*
***Little did I know** that this spelled the end of my career.*
56
the state of being free from the attention of the public
*[uncountable]* **privacy**
/ˈprɪvəsi/
* privacy rights/issues*
* freedom of speech and the right to privacy*
* These policies are designed to protect the privacy of your personal information.*
57
a rich person who helps the poor and those in need, especially by giving money
*[countable]* **philantropist**
/fɪˈlænθrəpɪst/
* He was a wealthy businessman and philanthropist.*
* The trust was set up by an American philanthropist.*
* Britain's most generous philanthropists are giving away a smaller proportion of their wealth than last year.*
58
to teach sb. over a period of time at a school, university, etc.
*[transitive, often passive]* **to educate**
/ˈedʒukeɪt/
***to be educated.** She was educated in the US.*
* All their children have been educated privately.*
* He was educated at his local comprehensive school and then at Oxford.*
59
a thing that uses a lot of the time, money, etc. that could be used for sth. else
*[singular]* a **drain** (on sb./sth.)
/dreɪn/
* Military spending is a huge drain on the country's resources.*
* an ultra-modern printing plant, which has been a big drain on resources*
* Fraud trials are often complex and have become an expensive drain on the public purse.*
60
in a state of developing or being developed
**developmental**
/dɪˌveləpˈmentl/
* The product is still at a developmental stage.*
* clinical trials during the developmental phases of a medicinal product*
* The quad principle, which was part of the root of our program, was quality, universality, affordability and developmental.*
61
the deepest, most extreme or serious part of sth.
*[countable, usually plural]* **depth**
/depθ/
* the depths of the ocean*
* She was in the depths of despair.*
* in the depths of winter* (= when it is coldest)
* to live in the depths of the country* (= a long way from a town)
62
an act of deciding among a variety of things that is not good
_opp.:_ ?
**a poor choice**
/pɔː(r) tʃɔɪs/
_opp.__:_ a wise choice
/waɪz tʃɔɪs/
* Can the minister justify such a poor choice?*
* A poor choice at the start can be costly in the long term.*
* A poor choice of terminology can confuse those interpreting the text.*
63
to mention a subject or start to talk about it
_syn.:_ ?
*[phrasal verb]* **to bring** (sth.) **up**
/brɪŋ ʌp/
_syn.:_ to raise
/reɪz/
* Bring it up at the meeting.*
* Why are you bringing it up now?*
* He brought up a subject rarely raised during the course of this campaign.*
64
a person who develops ideas and principles about a particular subject in order to explain why things happen or exist
_also:_ ?
*[countable]* **theorist**
/ˈθɪərɪst/
_also:_ theoretician
/ˌθɪərəˈtɪʃn/
* Jean Piaget was a leading educational theorist.*
* Some theorists of social change disagree with this analysis.*
* Feminist theorists have long talked about the way women are represented in the media.*
65
*(formal)* a person who supports a political party or set of ideas
_syn.:_ ?
*[countable]* **adherent**
/ədˈhɪərənt/
_syn.:_ supporter
/səˈpɔːtə(r)/
* The movement has many enthusiastic adherents.*
* We should not show animosity to adherents of other faiths.*
***adherent to sth.** Prescriptive grammarians are seen as blind adherents to outdated norms of formal usage.*
66
the feeling that you do not belong in a particular group
*[uncountable]* **alienation**
/ˌeɪliəˈneɪʃn/
* Many immigrants suffer from a sense of alienation.*
* This is a recipe for cultural and social alienation.*
* The large youth population is often faced with employment difficulties and experiences a sense of alienation.*
67
to mention or speak about sb./sth.
*[phrasal verb]* **to refer to** sb./sth.
/rɪˈfɜː(r) tu/
* You know who I'm referring to.*
* The victims were not referred to by name.*
* He referred to the fact that the vessel had not undergone a refit since 1987.*
***to refer to** **sb./sth. as sth.*** *She always referred to Ben as ‘that nice man’.*
68
*(adv.)* at the most basic and important level; used to emphasize the most important fact in a situation
**ultimately**
/ˈʌltɪmətli/
* All life depends ultimately on oxygen.*
* Ultimately, however, films come down to their stories and characters.*
69
to return the way you have come
*[phrasal verb]* **to turn** (sb./sth.) **back**
/tɜːn bæk/
* Our car was turned back at the border.*
* The weather became so bad that they had to turn back.*
***fig*.** *We said we would do it—there can be no turning back.*
70
the killing of a large number of people, especially in a cruel way
*[countable, uncount.]* **massacre**
/ˈmæsəkə(r)/
* Nobody survived the massacre.*
* the bloody massacre of innocent civilians*
* He accused the troops of the indiscriminate massacre of civilians.*
71
*(idiom.; informal)* at risk
(to put sth.) **on the line**
/ɒn ðə laɪn/
* If we don't make a profit, my job is on the line.*
* He wouldn't put his career on the line to help a friend.*
* Police officers put their lives on the line every day to keep our communities safe.*
72
to have an image or idea of sth./sb. in your mind
*[phrasal verb]* **to think of** sb./sth.
/θɪŋk ɒv/
* I often think of Jane.*
* When I said that I wasn't thinking of anyone in particular.*
73
*(informal)* to take a decision, when you have to chose among a definite number of possibilities
_*(Indian English)* also:_ ?
**to make a call**
/meɪk ə kɔːl/
_*(Indian English)* also:_ to take a call
/teɪk ə kɔːl/
* I don't think any scientist wants to make a call about what society should do about assisted procreation.*
* Congress President Sonia Gandhi will take a call on the candidature of around a dozen relatives of leaders.*
74
strongly rejecting sth.
_syn._: ?
**hostile**
/ˈhɒstaɪl/
_syn.:_ *[not usually before noun]* opposed
/əˈpəʊzd/
*The proposals have provoked a hostile response from opposition parties.*
***hostile to sth.** Many of the employees were hostile to the idea of change.*
75
*(adv.; esp. US English)* to a small degree
_*(British English)* also:_ ?
**a little** (bit)
/ˈlɪtl/
_*(British English)* also:_ a bit
/ə bɪt/
* She seemed a little afraid of going inside.*
* These shoes are a little (bit) too big for me.*
***(informal)** Everything has become just that little bit harder.*
***(formal)** She felt tired and more than a little worried.*
76
the state of being alone and not watched or disturbed by other people
*[uncountable]* **privacy**
/ˈprɪvəsi/
* I value my privacy.*
* The others left the room to give them some privacy.*
***in the privacy of sth.** He read the letter later in the privacy of his own room.*
77
to describe or show sth. accurately
**to define**
/dɪˈfaɪn/
* We need to define the task ahead very clearly.*
* We were unable to define what exactly was wrong with him.*
* Your rights and responsibilities are defined in the citizens' charter.*
* Your role in the project will be strictly defined* (= limited to particular areas).
***fig.** I'd hate to feel that I was defined by* (= that my life got its meaning and importance only from) *my job.*
78
the act of making sb. less friendly or sympathetic towards you
*[uncountable]* **alienation**
/ˌeɪliəˈneɪʃn/
* This is a recipe for cultural and social alienation.*
* The new policy resulted in the alienation of many voters.*
* This short-sighted alienation of their own supporters may lose them the election.*
79
several events or things of a similar kind that happen one after the other
*[countable, usually singular]* **a series** (of sth.)
/ˈsɪəriːz/
***series of sth.** The movie consisted of a series of flashbacks.*
*The incident sparked off a series of events that nobody had foreseen.*
***in a series of sth.** This is the latest in a series of articles on the nature of modern society.*
80
*(formal)* a careful and thorough examination
_syn.:_ ?
*[uncountable] ***scrutiny**
/ˈskruːtəni/
_syn.:_ inspection
/ɪnˈspekʃn/
* Her argument doesn't really stand up to scrutiny.*
* The regulations have been subject to intense scrutiny.*
* The documents should be available for public scrutiny.*
81
*(adv.)* in the most suitable or appropriate way
**best**
/best/
* It's best if you go now.*
* Painting is best done in daylight.*
* The best thing to do would be to apologize.*
82
*(formal)* aggressive and wanting to fight
_syn.:_ ?
**warlike**
/ˈwɔːlaɪk/
_syn.:_ belligerent
/bəˈlɪdʒərənt/
* a warlike nation*
* Certainly the evolution of peacekeeping has become far more warlike.*
* The terms are a little warlike, but our design of the conquest of the public goods on a worldwide scale is not consensual*
83
the quality or state of being steady and not changing or being disturbed in any way
_opp.:_ ?
*[uncountable]* **stability**
/stəˈbɪləti/
_opp.:_ instability
/ˌɪnstəˈbɪləti/
* price stability*
* political/economic/social stability*
* the stability of the dollar on the world’s money markets*
* The country is now enjoying a period of relative stability and prosperity.*
84
securely in position; in a way that is difficult to move, open or separate
**tightly**
/ˈtaɪtli/
* Her eyes were tightly closed.*
* Many commuters are forced to stand, tightly packed in, like sardines.*
* She climbed back into bed and wrapped her arms tightly round her body.*
85
*(adj.)* continuing sth. that has already started; designating or of anything that comes after sth. else similar that was done earlier as a review, addition, etc.
*[only before noun]* **follow-up**
/ˈfɒləʊ ʌp/
* a follow-up letter*
* follow-up examinations*
* In a follow-up question about quality, both customers and retailers were asked if they had noticed a change.*
86
definite and easy to see or identify
**clear-cut**
/ˌklɪə ˈkʌt/
* a clear-cut distinction*
* The issue is not so clear cut.*
* There is no clear-cut answer to this question.*
* This was a clear-cut case of the original landowner being in the right.*
87
*(noun)* a situation in which two or more things are not the same size or are not treated the same, in a way that is unfair or causes problems
*[countable, uncount.]* **imbalance**
/ɪmˈbæləns/
*Postnatal depression is usually due to hormonal imbalance.*
***imbalance (in/of sth.)** a global imbalance of/in power*
***imbalance (between A and B)** Attempts are being made to redress* (= to put right) *the imbalance between our import and export figures.*
88
one of several things that cause or influence sth.
**factor**
/ˈfæktə(r)/
*the key/crucial/deciding factor*
***factor in sth.** The closure of the mine was the single most important factor in the town's decline.*
*We have identified a few key factors in the project's success.*
89
*(adv.)* used to introduce a suggestion that is a second choice or possibility
**alternatively**
/ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪvli/
* Alternatively we could keep in service ten complete infantry battalions.*
* The agency will make travel arrangements for you. Alternatively, you can organize your own transport.*
90
(*formal)* that is true and cannot be disagreed with, discussed or denied
_syn.:_ ?
**incontrovertible**
/ˌɪnkɒntrəˈvɜːtəbl/
_syn.:_ indisputable
/ˌɪndɪˈspjuːtəbl/
* The facts were incontrovertible.*
* incontrovertible evidence/proof*
* There is one incontrovertible argument in favour of the changes.*
91
in a way that has different parts that all agree with each other
_opp.:_ ?
**consistently**
/kənˈsɪstəntli/
_opp.:_ inconsistently
/ˌɪnkənˈsɪstəntli/
* Studies have not consistently demonstrated any benefit.*
* Principles such as "conducting its business with integrity" and "managing conflicts of interest fairly" are difficult to interpret consistently when there is no overarching corporate guidance for the regulators.*
92
the outer appearance of a person, thing or situation; the qualities that you see or notice, that are not hidden
**surface**
/ˈsɜːfɪs/
***below/beneath/under the surface (of sth.)** Rage bubbled just below the surface of his mind.*
*She gives the impression of being rather conventional, but under the surface she is wildly eccentric.*
93
a comparison of one thing with another thing that has similar features; a feature that is similar
_plural:_ ?
**analogy**
/əˈnælədʒi/
_plural:_ analogies
*The Wild West analogy does not fit here.*
***analogy (between A and B)** The teacher drew an analogy between the human heart and a pump.*
***analogy (with sth.)*** *There are no analogies with any previous legal cases.*
94
in a way that can convince sb. to do sth. or make them believe sth.
**persuasively**
/pəˈsweɪsɪvli/
* They argue persuasively in favour of a total ban on handguns.*
* We have good arguments and we can present them persuasively.*
* The public service must find its own ways to persuasively demonstrate progress to internal and external constituencies in each area.*
95
the detailed study or examination of sth. in order to understand more about it; the result of the study
_plural:_ ?
*[countable, uncount.]* **analysis**
/əˈnæləsɪs/
_plural:_ analyses
/əˈnæləsiːz/
* statistical/data analysis*
* a detailed analysis of the data*
* The book is an analysis of poverty and its causes.*
96
*(formal)* a long and serious treatment or discussion of a subject in speech or writing
*[countable, uncount.]* **discourse**
/ˈdɪskɔːs/
* a tradition of political discourse*
* He was hoping for some lively political discourse at the meeting.*
***discourse on sth.** a discourse on issues of gender and sexuality*
97
that can be believed or trusted
_syn.:_ ?
**credible**
/ˈkredəbl/
_syn.:_ convincing
/kənˈvɪnsɪŋ/
* a credible explanation/witness*
* It is just not credible that she would cheat.*
* You need imagination to make what you write fully credible.*
98
evidence that helps to show that sth. is true or correct
*[uncountable]* **support**
/səˈpɔːt/
*This suggestion lacks convincing experimental support.*
***support for sth.**The statistics offer further support for our theory.*
***in support of sth.** There is little evidence in support of this hypothesis.*
99
to broadcast sth. on television
_*(US English)* also:_ ?
*[usually passive]* **to televise** (sth.)
/ˈtelɪvaɪz/
_*(US English)* also:_ to televize
* a televised debate*
* to televise a novel*
* The speech will be televised live.*
100
*(especially North American English)* a telephone that does not have wires and works by radio, that you can carry with you and use anywhere
_also:_ ?
_*(informal)* also:_ ?
*_(usually)_* _British English:_ 2
**cell phone**
/ˈsel fəʊn/
_also:_ cellular phone
/ˈseljələ(r) fəʊn/
_*(informal)* also:_ cell
/ˈsel/
*_(usually)_* _British English:_ mobile phone, mobile
/ˈməʊbaɪl fəʊn/ , /ˈməʊbaɪl/
* I talked to her on my cell phone.*
* I called his cell phone and then his home phone.*
* The use of cellular phones is not permitted on most aircraft.*
