Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the aims of theories about mental disorders?

A
  1. find etiology (cause)
  2. match treatment
  3. predict course (prognosis)
  4. find factors that maintain
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2
Q

What are some different perspectives that theories about mental disorders take?

A
  1. nature vs nurture
  2. single-factor vs interactionist
  3. different levels of explanation
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3
Q

Which factors might affect a theorist’s perspective?

A
  1. bias towards thinking things are in the control of the person (nurture) vs out of their control (nature)
  2. social belief system (values)
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4
Q

What’s an example of the interaction of genes and environment in a psychological disorder?

A

a person who has a genetic predisposition for depression can have those genes “activated” by a harsh environment, which therefore makes their depression worse

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5
Q

Describe an example of when a biologically-driven disorder can be affected by environmental influences.

A

a person with PKU (biology) can be treated by giving him a diet that is low in phenylalanine (environment)

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6
Q

What are the main types of theories?

A
  1. biological models
  2. psychosocial theories
  3. integrative theories
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7
Q

What are the main types of psychosocial theories?

A
  1. behavioural
  2. cognitive
  3. psychodynamic
  4. humanistic
  5. existential
  6. socio-cultural
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8
Q

What are the main aspects of behavioural theories?

A
  1. focus only on observable behaviour - not about thoughts or feelings
  2. all behaviour is learned
  3. through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or social learning
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9
Q

What are the main types of learning?

A
  1. classical conditioning
  2. operant conditioning
  3. social learning
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10
Q

How does classical conditioning work?

A

Pavlov’s dog
1. when dog sees food (unconditioned stimulus) he automatically drools (unconditioned response)
2. ring a bell (neutral stimulus) every time you give food (unconditioned stimulus)
3. now, even if you take the food (unconditioned stimulus) away, the reflex will still happen when you ring the bell neutral stimulus
4. now the bell is the conditioned stimulus and drooling is the conditioned response

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11
Q

How does operant conditioning work?

A

Skinner’s mice
1. when the organism does something good, he gets a reward (“positive reinforcement”)
2. so he repeats the behaviour to get the reward

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12
Q

How does social learning work?

A
  1. when someone observes someone else
  2. he repeats what he sees
  3. so he learns the behaviour
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13
Q

What do theories do?

A
  1. summarize knowledge
  2. make predictions
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14
Q

What makes a good theory?

A
  1. clear
  2. specific
  3. falsifiable - says how it could be disproven
  4. parsimonious - simplest explanation for all the data
  5. internally consistent - parts of theory do not conflict with each other
  6. supported by evidence from experiments
  7. helps people
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15
Q

What are the two main neurotransmitters and what do they do?

A
  1. serotonin - inhibits behaviour
  2. dopamine - seeking pleasure
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16
Q

Which systems do biological models normally focus on?

A
  1. nervous systems
  2. endocrine system
17
Q

Which parts of the brain are there and what do they do?

A
  1. forebrain - consciousness (thoughts, memories, emotions, speech)
  2. midbrain - arousal (sleep-wake, attention)
  3. hindbrain - basic functions (digestion, heartbeat, breathing)
18
Q

How is the nervous system sub-divided?

A
  1. central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
  2. peripheral: somatic and autonomic
  3. autonomic: sympathetic and parasympathetic
19
Q

What do the different parts of the nervous system do?

A

central - consciousness
peripheral - unconscious
somatic - voluntary movement of muscles
autonomic - regulates things that keep you alive (heartbeat and breathing)
parasympathetic - “rest and digest” or “feed and breed”
sympathetic - “fight or flight”

20
Q

What role does the autonomic nervous system play in anxiety disorders?

A

give the sense of “panic” like there is danger because the body is doing what it normally does when there is danger

21
Q

How does the endocrine system work?

A
  1. glands secrete hormones into the blood
  2. hormones go around the body and to the cells
  3. activate receptors on the cells around the body
22
Q

What role does the endocrine system play in anxiety disorders?

A
  1. hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
  2. causes release of cortisol
  3. cortisol causes fight-or-flight responses
23
Q

What are the main aspects of psychodynamic theories?

A
  1. unconscious mind
  2. childhood development
  3. what happens to you as a child causes you to have desires that you don’t know about that motivate you
  4. defence mechanisms
24
Q

What are the structures of personality and the levels of consciousness they operate at?

A
  1. id - unconscious
  2. ego - conscious and preconscious
  3. superego - cuts across all three
25
What are the roles of the three personality structures in Freud's theory?
1. id - seeks pleasure 2. ego - inhibits desires of id so that person doesn't get in trouble 3. superego - monitors ego so that it doesn't do anything unethical
26
What are the psychosexual stages according to Freud's theory?
1. oral 2. anal 3. phallic 4. latency 4. genital
27
What is a defence mechanism?
a way the id tries to hint at its desires without directly acting on them
28
What are the main aspects of psychoanalytic theories?
1. internal drives 2. free association 3. dream analysis 4. transference
29
What is the two-factor theory?
1. something bad happens, turns neutral stimulus into conditioned stimulus 2. person avoids the conditioned stimulus 3. therefore he stays afraid and cannot unlearn this fear
30
What is a "cognitive-behavioural" theory?
1. thinking and behaviour are learned 2. thought patterns are impacted by learning 3. thinking and behaviour interact
31
What are the main aspects of cognitive theories?
1. thinking and emotion affect behaviour 2. thoughts can be monitored and changed 3. altering thoughts can lead to desired behavioural and emotional changes
32
What are the two kinds of cognitive therapies?
1. rational-emotive behaviour therapy 2. cognitive therapy
33
Which model is the most comprehensive (takes into account all the possible factors)?
biopsychosocial model