Chapter 3

Question 1

Which groups is mental illness more common in?

Answer 1

1. young (15-24 yrs)
2. poor
3. women

Question 2

Which steps are made by a psychologist to diagnose a disease for a patient?

Answer 2

There are two steps.
First step: assessment. In assessment, there is
1. interview with the patient
2. medical tests
3. questionnaires
Second step: diagnosis. In diagnosis, the psychologist uses a checklist from the DSM-5. If there are enough points on the checklist, then the patient is diagnosed.

Question 3

What are reliability and validity?

Answer 3

Reliability - gives same result every time
Validity - does what it says

Question 4

What is an example of validity?

Answer 4

A questionnaire is valid if it measures what it says it measures. So, if a questionnaire for depression gives higher scores for people who are depressed and lower scores for people who are not depressed, then it is valid.

Question 5

What are the kinds of validity?

Answer 5

1. face validity
2. content validity
3. construct validity
4. criterion-related validity

Question 6

What is construct validity?

Answer 6

Construct validity is when a questionnaire measures the construct (concept) it says it measures.

Question 7

What is an example of construct validity?

Answer 7

A questionnaire that was developed to diagnose depression has construct validity if it does successfully measure the construct of depression.

Question 7

What is face validity?

Answer 7

when something looks like it measures what is says it measures

Question 8

What are the types of reliability?

Answer 8

1. test-test reliability
2. internal consistency
3. inter-rater reliability

Question 9

What is test-retest reliability?

Answer 9

when a test that is done twice on the same person with time in-between, and the result does not change

Question 10

What is internal consistency?

Answer 10

when multiple questions on the questionnaire that measure the same thing have similar answers

Question 11

What is inter-rater reliability?

Answer 11

when two different psychologists give the same diagnosis

Question 12

What is content validity?

Answer 12

when there are questions about every possible symptom

Question 13

What is criterion-related validity?

Answer 13

when a test has the expected result compared to some other measure (e.g. outcome or another test)

Question 14

What are the sub-types of criterion-related validity?

Answer 14

1. predictive
2. concurrent
3. convergent
4. discriminant

Question 15

What is concurrent validity?

Answer 15

when a new test gives similar results to an old test that is already valid

Question 16

What is convergent validity?

Answer 16

when two tests that are supposed to measure similar things give similar results (e.g. a person scores highly on two tests of mathematical ability)

Question 17

What are the issues with the DSM-5?

Answer 17

1. categorical
2. comorbidity - disorders can occur together
3. gender bias - women diagnosed as “crazy”
4. cultural bias - West/East and Rich/Poor
5. politics - homosexuality, pharmaceutical industry

Question 18

What is predictive validity?

Answer 18

when a questionnaire predicts some outcomes or events in a person’s life (e.g. depression predicts likelihood to commit suicide)

Question 19

What is discriminant validity?

Answer 19

when two tests that are supposed to measure different things give different results

Question 20

What is operationalization?

Answer 20

when a construct is defined more specifically so that it can be measured

Question 21

What is a construct?

Answer 21

abstract idea that is not directly measurable or even well-defined

Question 22

What are the two kinds of definitions of a disorder?

Answer 22

1. conceptual definition - general understanding
2. operational definition - based on specific criteria (e.g. checklist or questionnaire)

Question 23

What are the two approaches to classification?

Answer 23

1. categorical - normal/abnormal
2. dimensional - mild, moderate, severe

Question 24

Which things would be present in the perfect diagnostic system?

Answer 24

1. it would consider: - symptoms - etiology - prognosis - response to treatment 2. no overlap and no exceptions

Question 25

What are the two major diagnostic manuals?

Answer 25

1. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) 2. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11)

Question 26

What is the STOP programme?

Answer 26

1. designed to reduce stigma 2. clinician should ask themselves the following questions: "Does the attitude or action I am about to take - Stereotype? - Trivialize? - Offend? - Patronize?"

Question 27

What is stigma?

Answer 27

1. when other people think badly of you just because you have a mental disorder 2. makes people not want to seek treatment 3. comes in different forms: - stereotypes - discrimination - distrust and avoidance - fear, anger, and embarrassment

Question 28

What is labelling theory?

Answer 28

theory that labelling people might be bad for them because it leads to 1. stigma 2. stereotyping, and 3. self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 29

What are some of the objections to classification?

Answer 29

1. makes psychological disorders too medical 2. stigma 3. loses information by putting people into "boxes"