Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which groups is mental illness more common in?

A
  1. young (15-24 yrs)
  2. poor
  3. women
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2
Q

Which steps are made by a psychologist to diagnose a disease for a patient?

A

There are two steps.
First step: assessment. In assessment, there is
1. interview with the patient
2. medical tests
3. questionnaires
Second step: diagnosis. In diagnosis, the psychologist uses a checklist from the DSM-5. If there are enough points on the checklist, then the patient is diagnosed.

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3
Q

What are reliability and validity?

A

Reliability - gives same result every time
Validity - does what it says

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4
Q

What is an example of validity?

A

A questionnaire is valid if it measures what it says it measures. So, if a questionnaire for depression gives higher scores for people who are depressed and lower scores for people who are not depressed, then it is valid.

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5
Q

What are the kinds of validity?

A
  1. face validity
  2. content validity
  3. construct validity
  4. criterion-related validity
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6
Q

What is construct validity?

A

Construct validity is when a questionnaire measures the construct (concept) it says it measures.

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7
Q

What is an example of construct validity?

A

A questionnaire that was developed to diagnose depression has construct validity if it does successfully measure the construct of depression.

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7
Q

What is face validity?

A

when something looks like it measures what is says it measures

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8
Q

What are the types of reliability?

A
  1. test-test reliability
  2. internal consistency
  3. inter-rater reliability
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9
Q

What is test-retest reliability?

A

when a test that is done twice on the same person with time in-between, and the result does not change

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10
Q

What is internal consistency?

A

when multiple questions on the questionnaire that measure the same thing have similar answers

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11
Q

What is inter-rater reliability?

A

when two different psychologists give the same diagnosis

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12
Q

What is content validity?

A

when there are questions about every possible symptom

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13
Q

What is criterion-related validity?

A

when a test has the expected result compared to some other measure (e.g. outcome or another test)

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14
Q

What are the sub-types of criterion-related validity?

A
  1. predictive
  2. concurrent
  3. convergent
  4. discriminant
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15
Q

What is concurrent validity?

A

when a new test gives similar results to an old test that is already valid

16
Q

What is convergent validity?

A

when two tests that are supposed to measure similar things give similar results (e.g. a person scores highly on two tests of mathematical ability)

17
Q

What are the issues with the DSM-5?

A
  1. categorical
  2. comorbidity - disorders can occur together
  3. gender bias - women diagnosed as “crazy”
  4. cultural bias - West/East and Rich/Poor
  5. politics - homosexuality, pharmaceutical industry
18
Q

What is predictive validity?

A

when a questionnaire predicts some outcomes or events in a person’s life (e.g. depression predicts likelihood to commit suicide)

19
Q

What is discriminant validity?

A

when two tests that are supposed to measure different things give different results

20
Q

What is operationalization?

A

when a construct is defined more specifically so that it can be measured

21
Q

What is a construct?

A

abstract idea that is not directly measurable or even well-defined

22
Q

What are the two kinds of definitions of a disorder?

A
  1. conceptual definition - general understanding
  2. operational definition - based on specific criteria (e.g. checklist or questionnaire)
23
Q

What are the two approaches to classification?

A
  1. categorical - normal/abnormal
  2. dimensional - mild, moderate, severe
24
Which things would be present in the perfect diagnostic system?
1. it would consider: - symptoms - etiology - prognosis - response to treatment 2. no overlap and no exceptions
25
What are the two major diagnostic manuals?
1. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) 2. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11)
26
What is the STOP programme?
1. designed to reduce stigma 2. clinician should ask themselves the following questions: "Does the attitude or action I am about to take - Stereotype? - Trivialize? - Offend? - Patronize?"
27
What is stigma?
1. when other people think badly of you just because you have a mental disorder 2. makes people not want to seek treatment 3. comes in different forms: - stereotypes - discrimination - distrust and avoidance - fear, anger, and embarrassment
28
What is labelling theory?
theory that labelling people might be bad for them because it leads to 1. stigma 2. stereotyping, and 3. self-fulfilling prophecy
29
What are some of the objections to classification?
1. makes psychological disorders too medical 2. stigma 3. loses information by putting people into "boxes"