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PSYC 241 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the goals of psychological assessment?

A
  1. gather information
  2. evaluate thoughts, feelings, behaviour, etc.
  3. done for a specific purpose (e.g. diagnosis, goal setting, treatment planning)
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2
Q

What is a clinical formulation?

A

a theoretically-based explanation of the information obtained from a clinical assessment

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3
Q

What is a cultural formulation?

A

integration of cultural background and role of culture into explanation of a person’s disorder

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4
Q

What is a treatment plan?

A
  1. goals
  2. procedures
  3. schedule (time, place, duration)
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5
Q

What are some types of psychological test?

A
  1. intelligence
  2. personality
  3. neuropsychological
  4. symptom checklists
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6
Q

What makes a psychological test good?

A
  1. measures the aspect of interest (valid)
  2. measurements compared between people (standardized)
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7
Q

What are the approaches to psychological assessment?

A
  1. unstructured clinical judgement
  2. structured decision making
    (a) actuarial approach
    (b) structured clinical judgement
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8
Q

What are the two ways of choosing items when developing a test?

A
  1. logical (“rational”) item selection
  2. empirical item selection
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9
Q

What is logical item selection and how does it work?

A
  1. one way of choosing the tasks that will be added to a psychological test
  2. based on theory and review of research articles
  3. not optimized on a special sample
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10
Q

What is empirical item selection and how does it work?

A
  1. one way of choosing the tasks that will be added to a psychological test
  2. based on statistics
  3. yields an algorithm or equation
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11
Q

What are the two types of prediction used for combining the results of tests?

A
  1. clinical prediction - informal, intuition, subjective
  2. actuarial prediction - formal, algorithmic, objective
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12
Q

What are the pros and cons of unstructured clinical judgement?

A

Pros:
- flexible and non-resource intensive
- widely applicable and efficient

Cons:
- highly subjective and inconsistent
- questionably related to relevant outcomes
- not clear how psychologist makes his judgements

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13
Q

What are the pros and cons of actuarial prediction?

A

Pros:
- explicit, fixed rules
- supported by experimental results
- better inter-rater reliability

Cons:
- interpretation is difficult
- not always generalizable from the sample used to make it
- might not capture all data

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14
Q

What are the pros and cons of structured clinical judgement?

A

Pros:
- flexible
- widely applicable
- efficient
- SOME explicit rules
- supported by experimental results
- enhanced reliability and transparency

Cons:
- interpretation difficult
- might not actually predict outcomes
- not clear how psychologist makes his judgements

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15
Q

What are the three types of clinical interviews?

A
  1. unstructured
  2. semi-structured
  3. structured
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16
Q

Which things does a psychologist ask about during a clinical interview?

A
  1. history of the problem
  2. personal history
  3. family background
  4. culture
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17
Q

What are the goals of clinical interviews?

A
  1. build trust
  2. get information on specific themes
  3. be chosen based on aim of assessment (e.g. needs and strengths of the patient)
18
Q

What is the mental status exam and what is it used for?

A
  1. most frequently used semi-structured interview
  2. used to check for serious problems with emotional, intellectual, and neurological functioning
19
Q

What things does the mental status examination test?

A
  1. appearance
  2. behaviour
  3. mood
  4. speech
  5. thoughts
  6. perception
  7. cognition
  8. insight
20
Q

What are the names of some examples of structured interviews?

A

General:
- SADS
- DIS
- SCID (DSM-5)

Specific:
- ADIS (anxiety disorders)
- PDE (personality disorders)
- EDE (eating disorders)

21
Q

What is the most used structured interview, and why is it used?

A
  1. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID)
  2. matches DSM-5 very well
22
Q

What kinds of tests are part of biological assessments?

A
  1. physical examinations
    (a) health issues
    (b) medication
    (c) reflexes
    (d) senses
  2. blood and urine tests
    (a) thyroid
    (b) electrolyte
    (c) toxins (drugs, poisons)
  3. brain imaging
    (a) EEG
    (b) CT
    (c) MRI
    (d) PET
    (e) fMRI
23
Q

How does EEG work, and what does it show?

A
  1. records electrical activity
  2. which changes in the brain because neurons works on electricity
  3. put electrodes on the head
  4. get a printout of waves on the computer
  5. different patterns of waves show different states in the brain
24
Q

What can EEG be used for?

A

study sleep

25
How does CT work, and what does it show?
1. x-rays from many angles 2. combined using computer technology 3. show detailed anatomical images 4. show problems with structure of brain
26
How does MRI work, and what does it show?
1. uses magnetic fields and radio waves 2. combined using computer technology 3. show detailed anatomical images 4. show problems with structure of brain
27
How does PET work, and what does it show?
1. measures blood flow in the brain 2. uses CT and radioactive molecules 3. show problems with processes and functions, not just structures
28
How does fMRI work, and what does it show?
1. measures changes in blood flow due to neurons' being used 2. add-on to MRI 3. show problems with processes and functions, not just structures
29
What are neuropsychological assessments and what are they used for?
1. examples of neuropsychological assessments: (a) Bender Gestalt II (b) RBANS (c) Halstead-Reitan Test Battery 2. used to test for damage to the brain 3. test in the following areas: (a) visual (b) memory (c) language (d) attention
30
What are the two main IQ tests?
1. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales 2. Wechsler Intelligence Scales
31
What kinds of things do IQ tests test?
1. verbal intelligence (a) understanding (b) memory (c) vocabulary 2. non-verbal (performance) intelligence (a) processing speed (b) codes and symbols (c) visual puzzles
32
How do IQ scores work?
1. the test is given to many people 2. all the raw scores are gathered 3. made into a "normal distribution" 4. the exact middle performance is assigned the score of 100 5. scores placed regularly so that a certain percentage of the population falls within 15 points
33
Which examples can you give of personality assessments?
1. projective tests (a) Rorschach inkblot (b) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) 2. self-report inventories (a) MMPI (b) MCMI (c) PAI
34
What is the Rorschach test and what does it show?
1. projective test. 2. show pictures of random ink prints 3. patient answers what he thinks they look like 4. psychologist interprets the tests
35
What are the pros and cons of projective tests?
1. Pros include good flexibility and applicability 2. Cons include bad reliability
36
What is the MMPI and what does it show?
1. a self-report inventory (exam that patients answers) 2. shows values on certain scales that describe people's personalities - depression - hysteria - paranoia - masculinity/femininity - introversion/extroversion
37
What are symptom checklists and what are they used for?
1. self-report inventories (exams that patients answer) 2. focus on specific disorders (e.g. depression or anxiety) 3. many different kinds 4. need to consider reliability and variability
38
What are the ABCs of behavioural assessments?
1. Antecedent - what is causing the behaviour 2. Behaviour 3. Consequences - what bad things happen because of this behaviour
39
What are the three types of research design?
1. experimental 2. quasi-experimental 3. non-experimental
40
What are the features of experimental designs?
1. find the cause of something 2. everything is same EXCEPT ONE thing 3. independent variable is changed by researcher 4. dependent variable measured by researcher 5. con: results might not be applicable outside of lab
41
What are the features of quasi-experimental designs?
1. ALREADY NATURAL different levels of some variable 2. measure these levels 3. also measure some other variable (dependent) 4. cons: - not as easy to control all factors - no random assignment - cannot show cause of something, only correlation

PSYC 241 (12 decks)

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