Chapter 8 - material Flashcards
What are the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder?
A. at least two weeks with five or more of:
1. depressed mood all day every day
2. almost no interest or pleasure
3. losing or gaining weight
4. sleeping too much or too little
5. can’t sit still (agitation) or moves very little
6. tiredness or loss of energy
7. feelings of worthlessness or guilt
8. problems thinking and concentrating or indecisiveness
9. thinking of death or idealizing or attempting suicide
B. distress or impairment (in social situations, at work, etc.)
What are the types of mood disorders?
A. unipolar
1. Major Depressive Disorder
2. Persistent Depressive Disorder
B. bipolar
1. Bipolar I
2. Bipolar II
3. Cyclothymia
C. Seasonal Affective Disorder
D. Pre- or Postpartum Depression and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
What are the differences between the different kinds of bipolar disorders?
- Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and Cyclothymia all include both overly good moods and overly bad moods, but Bipolar I includes “full” mania while Bipolar II and Cyclothymia include only “hypomania”
- Bipolar I includes mania but might not include depression, whereas Bipolar II must include depression
- Cyclothymia includes low moods that are not as severe as “full” depression
What is mania?
period of elevated mood
What are the symptoms of mania?
A. for at least one week, three or more of:
1. think they are more important than they are (“grandiosity”)
2. sleeping less
3. talking a lot or quickly
4. many thoughts that come too fast (“racing thoughts”)
5. distracted by unimportant things
6. either more (ambitious) or less goal-directed behaviours (can’t sit still)
7. impulsive actions (taking out credit to make big shops, unprotected sex)
B. one of:
1. impairment with friends and family or at work
2.needs to be hospitalized to keep from hurting themselves or others
3. psychotic features
C. not caused by drugs
What is hypomania?
period of elevated mood that is less severe than “full” mania
How are mania and hypomania different?
hypomania has symptoms that are similar to mania, but they are less severe and last for only four days rather than a week
What is a mixed state?
mania or hypomania at the same time as depression
What is Persistent Depressive Disorder?
a form of depression that is less severe than Major Depressive Disorder and lasts for much longer and is continuous (no breaks in symptoms)
What are the diagnostic criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder?
A. depressed mood for most of the day for more days than not for at least 2 years
B. two or more of:
1. no appetite or over-eating
2. sleeping too little (“hypersomnia”) or too much (“insomnia”)
3. low energy or tiredness (“fatigue”)
4. thinking that you are bad (low “self-esteem”)
5. trouble concentrating or difficultly making decisions
6. feeling like there is no hope
C. no breaks in symptoms for longer than 2 months
D. no mania, hypomania, schizophrenia, etc.
E. not caused by drugs
What is Seasonal Affective Disorder?
depressive episodes that come and go with the seasons
What are pre- and postpartum depression?
depression that a woman experiences before (“pre”) or after (“post”) she births her child
What is Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder?
depression that a girl or woman experiences before her period
What is the main explanation for the etiology of mood disorders?
caused by an interaction of risk factors, for example genes that are triggered by stress in the environment
What are the three main perspectives on the etiology of mood disorders?
- psychological
- cognitive
- biological
What are the psychodynamic personality theories?
- experiences in childhood affect people’s personalities
- certain personality traits are more likely to become depressed
Which personality characteristics might cause someone to be more vulnerable to depression?
- dependency
- self-criticism
What are the similarities and differences of cognitive and psychodynamic theories of depression?
- they both propose that the environment caused certain changes to happen to patients
- behavioural theories propose that patients LEARNED the behaviour, which is SEPARATE from our thoughts
- cognitive theories propose that patients have “automatic” THOUGHTS that cause depression
What is a cognitive distortion?
negative interpretations of events that cause negative moods
What are some common cognitive distortions that lead to depression?
- all-or-nothing thinking
- overgeneralization
- magnification (“catastrophizing”) (сделать из мухи слона)
- jumping to conclusions
What is all-or-nothing thinking?
when a person sees things as either “black” or “white”, “good” or “bad”, etc.: not seeing things on a scale, only seeing two possibilities (“success” or “failure”)
What is overgeneralization?
when a person believes that a single negative event means that it will continue repeating
What is magnification?
сделать из мухи слона; when a person thinks that a problem is bigger than it actually is
What is jumping to conclusions?
when a person decides that there will be a bad result before they even get any evidence about the result at all
