Chapter 2

Question 1

A testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur.

Answer 1

Hypothesis

Question 2

An organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena

Answer 2

Theory

Question 3

Whhy is the application of empirical (evidence-based) & scientific methods to study people important?

Answer 3

1. To investigate and measure thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors
2. Minimize bias and produce testable questions

Question 4

Research whose goal is to increase the understanding of human behavior, often by testing hypotheses based on a theory

Answer 4

Basic research

Question 5

Research whose goal is to make applications to the world and contribute to the solution of social problems.

Answer 5

Applied research

Question 6

The specific procedures for manipulating or measuring a conceptual variable

Answer 6

operational definition

Question 7

Why are operational definitions important in research?

Answer 7

1. How we define variables dictates how we measure them
2. Our measurement then dictates what/if any interpretations can be made

Question 8

What are the three key types of measurement?

Answer 8

1. Self-report
2. Observations
3. Technology

Question 9

What are some examples of a self-report measurement?

Answer 9

1. Questionnaires
2. Polls
3. Free-response questions

Question 10

What are some examples of a technology measurement?

Answer 10

1. Brain Activity
2. MRI
3. Heart-rate monitors

Question 11

What are some possible limitations of self-report measurements?

Answer 11

1. How questions are phrased influence responses
2. When and where questions are asked
3. Hard to classify responses and/or missing responses and/or errors in recollection

Question 12

What are some possible limitations to observations?

Answer 12

1. Awareness of observation may alter behavior and/or suppress it
2. Interrater reliability may need to be established

Question 13

What are some possible limitations to using technology of measurement?

Answer 13

1. Costly and time consuming
2. Not all behavior can be investigated using these advanced techniques.

Question 14

The degree to which different observers agree on their observations.

Answer 14

Interrater reliability

Question 15

The extent to which the measures used in a study measure the variables they were designed to measure and the manipulations in an experiment manipulate the variables they were designed to manipulate.

Answer 15

Construct Validity

Question 16

What is a good example of construct validity?

Answer 16

Using the Rosenburg Scale to measure self-esteem

Question 17

What are the different research designs and approaches?

Answer 17

1. Descriptive Research
2. Association Research
3. Experiment (Inferential)

Question 18

An association between two variables may be due to shared association with another variable

Answer 18

third-variable problem

Question 19

T/F Correlations cannot determine causation

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What are examples of descriptive research and what do they allow the researcher to investigate?

Answer 20

Observational and archival.
Method used to describe people and their tendencies

Question 21

What are examples of association research and what do they allow the researcher to investigate?

Answer 21

Correlational
Examines the relationship between different variables of interest to evaluate their associations with each other.

Question 22

What do experiments allow the researcher to investigate?

Answer 22

Examines cause and effect relationships

Question 23

Research designed to measure the association between variables that are not manipulated by the researcher.

Answer 23

Correlational research

Question 24

A form of research that can demonstrate causal relationships because (1) the experimenter has control over the events that occur and (2) participants are randomly assigned to conditions.

Answer 24

Experiment

Question 25

In an experiment, a factor that experimenters manipulate to see if it affects the dependent variable.

Answer 25

independent variable

Question 26

In an experiment, a factor that experimenters measure to see if it is affected by the independent variable.

Answer 26

Dependent variable

Question 27

A method of assigning participants to the various conditions of an experiment so that each participant in the experiment has an equal chance of being in any of the conditions.

Answer 27

Random assignment

Question 28

A method of selecting participants for a study so that everyone in a population has an equal chance of being in the study.

Answer 28

Random Sampling

Question 29

establishes that exposure to the IV occurs before the DV's are measured

Answer 29

Temporal Precedence

Question 30

Why temporal precedence is important in determining causality

Answer 30

1. Random assignment limits outside confounds influencing data 2. Any differences observed when DV's are compared across different conditions can be reasonably attributed to the effects of the IV. 3. Researchers may find interventions that can be put in practice.

Question 31

In the context of research, a method that provides false information to participants

Answer 31

deception

Question 32

Accomplice of an experimenter who, in dealing with the real participants in an experiment, acts as if he or she is also a participant.

Answer 32

Confederate

Question 33

The degree to which there can be reasonable certainty that the independent variables in an experiment caused the effects obtained on the dependent variables.

Answer 33

Internal validity

Question 34

The degree to which there can be reasonable confidence that the results of a study would be obtained for other people and in other situations.

Answer 34

external validity

Question 35

What are some examples of confounds?

Answer 35

1. Experiments expectancy effects (expectation cause different treatment toward different participants which influences their behavior) 2. Measurement errors 3. External factors (weather, economy, power-outages)