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Social Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur.

A

Hypothesis

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2
Q

An organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena

A

Theory

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3
Q

Whhy is the application of empirical (evidence-based) & scientific methods to study people important?

A
  1. To investigate and measure thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors
  2. Minimize bias and produce testable questions
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4
Q

Research whose goal is to increase the understanding of human behavior, often by testing hypotheses based on a theory

A

Basic research

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5
Q

Research whose goal is to make applications to the world and contribute to the solution of social problems.

A

Applied research

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6
Q

The specific procedures for manipulating or measuring a conceptual variable

A

operational definition

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7
Q

Why are operational definitions important in research?

A
  1. How we define variables dictates how we measure them
  2. Our measurement then dictates what/if any interpretations can be made
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8
Q

What are the three key types of measurement?

A
  1. Self-report
  2. Observations
  3. Technology
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9
Q

What are some examples of a self-report measurement?

A
  1. Questionnaires
  2. Polls
  3. Free-response questions
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10
Q

What are some examples of a technology measurement?

A
  1. Brain Activity
  2. MRI
  3. Heart-rate monitors
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11
Q

What are some possible limitations of self-report measurements?

A
  1. How questions are phrased influence responses
  2. When and where questions are asked
  3. Hard to classify responses and/or missing responses and/or errors in recollection
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12
Q

What are some possible limitations to observations?

A
  1. Awareness of observation may alter behavior and/or suppress it
  2. Interrater reliability may need to be established
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13
Q

What are some possible limitations to using technology of measurement?

A
  1. Costly and time consuming
  2. Not all behavior can be investigated using these advanced techniques.
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14
Q

The degree to which different observers agree on their observations.

A

Interrater reliability

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15
Q

The extent to which the measures used in a study measure the variables they were designed to measure and the manipulations in an experiment manipulate the variables they were designed to manipulate.

A

Construct Validity

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16
Q

What is a good example of construct validity?

A

Using the Rosenburg Scale to measure self-esteem

17
Q

What are the different research designs and approaches?

A
  1. Descriptive Research
  2. Association Research
  3. Experiment (Inferential)
18
Q

An association between two variables may be due to shared association with another variable

A

third-variable problem

19
Q

T/F Correlations cannot determine causation

A

True

20
Q

What are examples of descriptive research and what do they allow the researcher to investigate?

A

Observational and archival.
Method used to describe people and their tendencies

21
Q

What are examples of association research and what do they allow the researcher to investigate?

A

Correlational
Examines the relationship between different variables of interest to evaluate their associations with each other.

22
Q

What do experiments allow the researcher to investigate?

A

Examines cause and effect relationships

23
Q

Research designed to measure the association between variables that are not manipulated by the researcher.

A

Correlational research

24
Q

A form of research that can demonstrate causal relationships because (1) the experimenter has control over the events that occur and (2) participants are randomly assigned to conditions.

A

Experiment

25
Q

In an experiment, a factor that experimenters manipulate to see if it affects the dependent variable.

A

independent variable

26
Q

In an experiment, a factor that experimenters measure to see if it is affected by the independent variable.

A

Dependent variable

27
Q

A method of assigning participants to the various conditions of an experiment so that each participant in the experiment has an equal chance of being in any of the conditions.

A

Random assignment

28
Q

A method of selecting participants for a study so that everyone in a population has an equal chance of being in the study.

A

Random Sampling

29
Q

establishes that exposure to the IV occurs before the DV’s are measured

A

Temporal Precedence

30
Q

Why temporal precedence is important in determining causality

A
  1. Random assignment limits outside confounds influencing data
  2. Any differences observed when DV’s are compared across different conditions can be reasonably attributed to the effects of the IV.
  3. Researchers may find interventions that can be put in practice.
31
Q

In the context of research, a method that provides false information to participants

A

deception

32
Q

Accomplice of an experimenter who, in dealing with the real participants in an experiment, acts as if he or she is also a participant.

A

Confederate

33
Q

The degree to which there can be reasonable certainty that the independent variables in an experiment caused the effects obtained on the dependent variables.

A

Internal validity

34
Q

The degree to which there can be reasonable confidence that the results of a study would be obtained for other people and in other situations.

A

external validity

35
Q

What are some examples of confounds?

A
  1. Experiments expectancy effects (expectation cause different treatment toward different participants which influences their behavior)
  2. Measurement errors
  3. External factors (weather, economy, power-outages)

Social Psychology (11 decks)

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