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Social Psychology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

The extent to which people are impacted by real and/or imagined pressures associated with other people

A

Social influence

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2
Q

What are examples of yielding to social influence?

A
  1. Obedience
  2. Compliance
  3. Conformity
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3
Q

What are examples of resisting social influence?

A
  1. Independence
  2. Assertiveness
  3. Defiance
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4
Q

Chartrand & Bargh (1999) determined people often imitate idiosyncratic behaviors (rubbing face, shaking foot, etc.)

A

“Chameleon Effect”

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5
Q

The tendency to change our perceptions, opinions, or behavior in ways that are consistent with group norms.

A

Conformity

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6
Q

What is the influence and irony of social norms?

A
  1. In individualistic societies, individuals will often not admit to being influenced by norms even when they conform to them
  2. Reinterpret tasks & rationalize behavior as being independent
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7
Q

Muzafer Sherif (1936) Method and Findings

A

Method
1. Male students participating in a “visual perception” experiment
2. Participants were placed in a dark room where a small dot of light appears.
3. Participants were asked to judge how far the light moves and repeated the trial several times
4. Initially participants complete the task alone, but later the participants are placed in triads (groups of three)

Findings:
1. The divergence in the estimation of participants converge when group norms are established
2. Group norms could have a lasting affect on behavior

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8
Q

Muzafer Sherif (1936) implications

A

When in doubt, we might turn to others for guidance

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9
Q

What are the types of conformity demonstrated in the Muzafer Sherif (1936) study?

A
  1. Informative social influence
  2. Private conformity
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10
Q

Solomon Asch (1951) Method and Findings

A

Method:
1. Participants are asked to judge the length of different lines and choose the matching line
2. Participants were placed in groups of “6”, with 5 confederates who intentionally give incorrect response 3. Confederates only gave incorrect responses for 12 out of the 18 trials

Findings:
1. 37% consensus with majority (all the time)
2. About 25% refused to agree with majority
3. Nearly 50% went along half of the time

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11
Q

Solomon Asch (1951) implications

A

Peer pressure- we experience discomfort involving deviances

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12
Q

What type of conformity was demonstrated in the Solomon Asch (1951) study

A
  1. Normative social influence
  2. Public conformity
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13
Q

Influences that produce conformity when a person judges that others are correct in their judgments

A

Informative Social Influence

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14
Q

Influences that produce conformity when a person fears the negative social consequences of appearing deviant

A

Normative Social Influence

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15
Q
  1. Everyone is standing in line, so you stand in line because you assume they’re waiting for something good
  2. You start a new job, so you take guidance from co-workers on how to behave successfully

These are examples of what kind of social influence?

A

Informative social influence (informational influence)

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16
Q

Asch study (1951) matching lines is an example of what kind of social influence?

A

Normative social influence

17
Q

Change in beliefs along with private acceptance of position taken by others

A

Private conformity

18
Q

Superficial change in overt behavior without a changing of opinion that is produced by real/imagined group pressure

A

Public conformity

19
Q

Major influence & Four factor that influence conformity?

A

The feeling of pressures and insecurities about how to behave

  1. Group Size
  2. Focus on Norms
  3. Presence of an Ally
  4. Gender differences
20
Q

Process by which dissenters produce/inspire change within a group

A

Minority influence

21
Q

What are some characteristis of minority influence and how is it effective?

A

Characteristics:
1. Unrelenting
2. Forceful
3. Persistent

while appearing
1. Flexible
2. Open-minded

Why it’s effective
1. Draw attention from mainstream
2. Unlikely to yield, thus pressures others to compromise/change
3. Confidence = validation & credibility

22
Q

A cultural orientation in which independence, autonomy, and self-reliance take priority over group allegiances

A

Individualism

23
Q

A cultural orientation in which interdependence, cooperation, and social harmony take priority over personal goals

A

Collectivism

24
Q

Changes in behavior that are elicited by direct requests

A

Compliance

25
Q

What are the four techniques to induce compliance?

A
  1. Foot-in-the-door technique
  2. Lowballing technique
  3. Door-in-the-face technique
  4. That’s-not-all technique
26
Q
  1. Would you like to try this sample?
  2. Would you like to test drive this car?

These are example of which technique to induce compliance

A

foot-in-the-door technique

27
Q
  1. Hidden fees on a cellphone plan
  2. Initially think it will cost less than it actually does

These are example of which technique to induce compliance

A

Lowballing

28
Q
  1. Hey mom, can I go to the concert in Austin this weekend? NO! Okay, can my friend sleep over?
  2. Can I borrow your car? NO! Okay, can you give me a ride?

These are example of which technique to induce compliance

A

Door-in-the-face technique

29
Q

Late night infomercials, usually offering bonus items and discounts

This is an example of which technique to induce compliance

A

That’s-not-all technique

30
Q

Behavioral changes produced by commands from authority

A

Obedience

31
Q

Milgram’s Research Study - Method and Findings

A

Conditions
1. “Teacher” -> always an actual participant
2. “Learner” -> confederate
3. “Experimenter” -> Lab Coat -> supervisor, provides instructions, and very specific responses later in study

Method
1. The experimenter escorts teacher to an adjust room. Experimenter straps “learner” in & attaches electrodes
2. For illustration purposes, the “teacher” experiences a mild 30 mv shock
3. “Learner” expresses concerns and worry about study
4. Teacher begins asking questions through a microphone. Teacher cannot see learners, but see responses indicated by a light display
5. As instructed, “teacher” asked to administer shock using “shock generator” whenever “learner” makes mistakes. 30 switches ranging from 15 mv to 450 mv (slight shock to XXX)
6. Participants were forced to continue, even when refusing to shock and hearing “learner” crying for help

Findings:
1. Average: 27 out of 30 possible shocks
2. 40 women/men participated in separate studies with no gender difference- 26 out of 40 participants (65%) administered max shock (450 mv)

32
Q

Milgram’s Research Study - How could outsiders (public) make the fundamental attributional error when evaluating Milgram’s findings?

A
  1. Outside public is less likely to believe they would act similarly to “Teachers”
  2. “Teachers” likely were “bad men” or “enjoyed shocking” the “Learner”
  3. Ignoring the power of the situation (environmental influences) that contributed to behaviors displayed in study.
33
Q

Milgram’s research study - Conceptual replications and trends in the research (how / when does obedience rates change?)

A

Most - least effective reduction of obedience
1. Two Confederates Rebel
2. Ordinary person in charge
3. Experimenter in remote location
4. Participant required to touch victim
5. Victim in same room as participant
6. Taking place in an office building

34
Q

Burger’s (2014): Four key points that contributed to Milgram’s results

A
  1. Participants led to believe they were less responsible for victim’s welfare
  2. Gradual escalation in small increments
  3. Caught in a novel & unimaginable set of circumstances
  4. Task was quickly paced
35
Q

When all members of a group give an incorrect response to an easy question, most people most of the time conform to that response

T/F

A

False
only 37% do

36
Q

Why do people conform?

A
  1. A need to be right
  2. A fear of ostracism
37
Q

When an individual is left out or rejected can feel

A
  1. Heightened sensitivity to pain
  2. Leads them to feel numb

Social Psychology (11 decks)

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