Chapter 3 Flashcards
(47 cards)
What are the ABCs of the Self?
- Affect
- Behavior
- Cognition
What does “affect” mean regarding the ABCs of the self?
Emotion or feelings
What does “cognition” mean regarding the ABCs of the self?
Thoughts
Our overall beliefs about ourselves and our personal attitudes. How we see ourselves or describe ourselves is called
self-concept
Our mental representation and knowledge of what makes us who we are. The labels and descriptors we ascribe to ourselves (traits) is called
self-schema
What is meant by saying “schema”?
The organization of information or memory for us
What is the looking-glass Self idea?
An idea that other people serve as a mirror in which we see ourselves.
Who first proposed the idea of the looking-glass self?
Horton Cooley
Who built on the looking-glass idea and what idea was proposed?
Herbert Mead proposed we come to know ourselves by imagining what other people think about us.
How does the looking-glass idea develop our own self-concept?
Other people serve as a mirror in which we see ourselves. We then incorporate the perceptions of what others may think about us into our self-concepts.
The process of predicting how one would feel in response to future emotional events
Affective forecasting
Which statement is not true about the challenges of affective forecasting?
A. It’s sometimes hard to predict how we will feel in the future
B. Affective forecasting may not equate to effective forecasting
C. Can experience impact bias
D. How you feel now, may be how you feel later
D
People overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions, a phenomenon called?
impact bias, how you feel now may not be how you feel later
What are two reasons for impact bias in affective forecasting?
- Negative life events: unaware of our own and others coping mechanisms can lead to a “self-other” difference
- Tunnel-vision: focusing on one event instead of all events
What is meant by “self-other” difference?
A difference between the way we see ourselves and the way others see us.
The theory that when internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain self-insight by observing their own behavior and the situation in which the behavior takes place.
Self-perception theory
What are some limitations to self-perception
- Only applicable to when situational factors cannot cause behaviors (situational pressure like reward or punishment are not present)
- When people are gently coaxed into saying or doing something and when they are not otherwise certain about how they feel, they often come to view themselves in ways that are consistent with their public statements and behaviors (survey says you are introverted, even if you may not be, you will act accordingly because a public statement has been made)
Bem argued that people sometimes learn about themselves by observing the behavior of someone else with whom you completely identify with. This phenomenon is called
Vicarious self-perception
How does SOKA affect the predictions we can make about our self?
- For internal/non-evaluative traits, we tend to know ourselves better.
- For observable/non-evaluative traits, self and friend ratings were equally accurate
- For internal/evaluative traits, friend rating were more accurate
a model proposed by Simine Vazire in which she predicts that we know ourselves better than others do when it comes to traits that are “internal” and hard to observe and that there is no self-other difference when it comes to traits that are “external” and easy to observe. She also predicts that others may actually know us better than we know ourselves when it comes to observable traits that can be touchy for self-esteem purposes that we have motivated “blind spots”
Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry (SOKA)
How does introspection affect the predictions we can make about our self?
- Self knowledge is derived from introspection, looking inward at one’s own thoughts and feelings.
- Introspection can sometimes lead us astray on the road to self-knowledge.
Problems:
1. Human beings are mentally busy processing information, which is why we so often fail to understand our own thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
2. People overestimate the positives. Most people, most of the time, think they are better than average.
How does self-perception affect the predictions we can make about our self?
If we have a positive perception of ourselves, we will most likely have more positive thoughts and beliefs about the world overall, which in turn can lead to more frequent positive behaviors.
What are the different types of motivation that acts as a catalyst for behavior?
- Intrinsic motivation
- Extrinsic motivation
What is an example of an intrinsic motivation and what does it mean?
Example: A student does well in a course because they are interested in the topic
The self is the source of motivation (within/internal)
