Chapter 2

Question 1

History of reinforcement

Answer 1

repertoire of behaviors each person brings to any situation has been selected, shaped and maintained by…

Question 2

contingent

Answer 2

dependency of a particular consequences on the occurrence of behavior.

Question 3

contingency

Answer 3

various types of temporal of functional relations between behavior and antecedent and consequent variables.

Question 4

3 term contingency

Answer 4

antecedent- behavior- consequence

Question 5

discriminative stimulus

Answer 5

a stimulus that the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced. (e.g. reinforced is available)

Question 6

Stimulus control

Answer 6

when a discriminated operant occurs at a higher frequency in the presence of a given stimulus than it does in the absence of that stimulus

Question 7

discriminated operant

Answer 7

a behavior that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than it does under others

Question 8

conditioned punisher (CP)

Answer 8

stimulus events or conditions that are presented or that occur just before or simultaneously with the occurrence of other punishers may acquire the ability to punish on their own consequence

Question 9

behavior

Answer 9

portion of an organism’s interaction with its environment that is characterized by detectable displacement in space through time of some part of the organism and that results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the environment

Question 10

unconditioned punisher

Answer 10

stimulus change that can decrease the future frequency of any behavior that precedes it without prior pairing with any other form of punishment

Question 11

conditioned reinforcer (CR)

Answer 11

stimulus events or conditions that are presented or that occur just before or simulations with the occurrence of other reinforcers may acquire the ability to reinforce behavior when they later occur on their own consequences.

Question 12

Satiation

Answer 12

a decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed as the result of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior (e.g. procedure for reducing the effectiveness of a reinforcer.

Question 13

deprivation

Answer 13

the state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer.
(e.g. procedure of increasing the effectiveness of a reinforcer.

Question 14

Motivating operations

Answer 14

an environmental variable that-alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus
-alters the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object or event.

Question 15

response

Answer 15

action of an organisms effector (organ at the end of an efferent nerve fiber that is specilized for altering it’s envirnment)

Question 16

response class

Answer 16

group of responses with the same function (effect on environment)

Question 17

repertoire

Answer 17

all behaviors a person can do set or collection of knowledge and skills

Question 18

environment

Answer 18

everything except the moving parts of an organism involved in the behavior

Question 19

stimulus class

Answer 19

any group of stimuli sharing a predetermined set of common elements in one or more dimensions.

Question 20

stimulus

Answer 20

an energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells

Question 21

antecedent

Answer 21

environmental conditions or stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to the behavior of interest

Question 22

consequence

Answer 22

stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest

Question 23

reflex

Answer 23

stimulus- response relation, part of organism genetic endowment

Question 24

respondent behavior

Answer 24

BX that is elicited by antecedent stimuli. induced or brought out by a stimulus that precedes the behavior, nothing else is required for the response to occur.

Question 25

habituation

Answer 25

process of gradually diminishing response strength

Question 26

respondent conditioning

Answer 26

``` new stimuli can acquire that ability to elicit respondents. NS+US=UR NS+US=UR US=UR CS=CR ```

Question 27

Stimulus= stimulus pairing

Answer 27

pairing a neutral stimuli with an unconditioned stimuli

Question 28

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 28

reflex=response

Question 29

neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 29

stimulus that dies not elicit a reflex response

Question 30

conditioned stimulus (CR)

Answer 30

stimulus created after stim-stim pairing creates a condiitioned reflex

Question 31

respondent extinction

Answer 31

procedure of repeatedly presented a CS without the US until the CS is no longer elicits the conditioned response

Question 32

higher order conditoning

Answer 32

stimulus-stimulus pairing of an NS with a CS

Question 33

operant behavior

Answer 33

any behavior whose future frequency is determined primarily by its history of consequences.

Question 34

selection by consequences

Answer 34

all forms of life evolve as a result of selection with respect to function

Question 35

ontogency

Answer 35

individual organism

Question 36

phylogency

Answer 36

history of species

Question 37

operant conditioning

Answer 37

process and selective effects of consequences on behavior.

Question 38

reinforcer

Answer 38

increase of response frequency

Question 39

punisher

Answer 39

decrease of response frequency

Question 40

automaticity of reinforcement

Answer 40

behavior is modified by its consequences regardless of whether the individual is aware s/he is being reinforced.

Question 41

reinforcement

Answer 41

if a bx is followed closely in time by a stimulus event and as a result the future frequency of that type of BX increases in similar conditions.

Question 42

positive reinforcement

Answer 42

a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus and results in the behavior occurring more often in the future

Question 43

negative reinforcement

Answer 43

frequency of behavior increases because past responses resulted in the removal or termination of a stimulus.

Question 44

aversive stimulus

Answer 44

stimulus conditions whose termination functioned as reinforcement.

Question 45

extinction

Answer 45

when reinforcement is withheld, the frequency of behavior will gradually decrease to pre-reinforcement levels or cease occur altogether

Question 46

punishment

Answer 46

when a behavior is followed by a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar situations

Question 47

unconditioned reinforcer (UR)

Answer 47

a stimulus change that can increase the future frequency of behavior without prior pairing with any form of reinforcement.