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Flashcards in Chapter 2 Deck (47)
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1
Q

History of reinforcement

A

repertoire of behaviors each person brings to any situation has been selected, shaped and maintained by…

2
Q

contingent

A

dependency of a particular consequences on the occurrence of behavior.

3
Q

contingency

A

various types of temporal of functional relations between behavior and antecedent and consequent variables.

4
Q

3 term contingency

A

antecedent- behavior- consequence

5
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

a stimulus that the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced. (e.g. reinforced is available)

6
Q

Stimulus control

A

when a discriminated operant occurs at a higher frequency in the presence of a given stimulus than it does in the absence of that stimulus

7
Q

discriminated operant

A

a behavior that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than it does under others

8
Q

conditioned punisher (CP)

A

stimulus events or conditions that are presented or that occur just before or simultaneously with the occurrence of other punishers may acquire the ability to punish on their own consequence

9
Q

behavior

A

portion of an organism’s interaction with its environment that is characterized by detectable displacement in space through time of some part of the organism and that results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the environment

10
Q

unconditioned punisher

A

stimulus change that can decrease the future frequency of any behavior that precedes it without prior pairing with any other form of punishment

11
Q

conditioned reinforcer (CR)

A

stimulus events or conditions that are presented or that occur just before or simulations with the occurrence of other reinforcers may acquire the ability to reinforce behavior when they later occur on their own consequences.

12
Q

Satiation

A

a decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed as the result of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior (e.g. procedure for reducing the effectiveness of a reinforcer.

13
Q

deprivation

A

the state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer.
(e.g. procedure of increasing the effectiveness of a reinforcer.

14
Q

Motivating operations

A

an environmental variable that-alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus
-alters the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object or event.

15
Q

response

A

action of an organisms effector (organ at the end of an efferent nerve fiber that is specilized for altering it’s envirnment)

16
Q

response class

A

group of responses with the same function (effect on environment)

17
Q

repertoire

A

all behaviors a person can do set or collection of knowledge and skills

18
Q

environment

A

everything except the moving parts of an organism involved in the behavior

19
Q

stimulus class

A

any group of stimuli sharing a predetermined set of common elements in one or more dimensions.

20
Q

stimulus

A

an energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells

21
Q

antecedent

A

environmental conditions or stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to the behavior of interest

22
Q

consequence

A

stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest

23
Q

reflex

A

stimulus- response relation, part of organism genetic endowment

24
Q

respondent behavior

A

BX that is elicited by antecedent stimuli. induced or brought out by a stimulus that precedes the behavior, nothing else is required for the response to occur.

25
Q

habituation

A

process of gradually diminishing response strength

26
Q

respondent conditioning

A
new stimuli can acquire that ability to elicit respondents.
NS+US=UR
NS+US=UR
US=UR
CS=CR
27
Q

Stimulus= stimulus pairing

A

pairing a neutral stimuli with an unconditioned stimuli

28
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

reflex=response

29
Q

neutral stimulus (NS)

A

stimulus that dies not elicit a reflex response

30
Q

conditioned stimulus (CR)

A

stimulus created after stim-stim pairing creates a condiitioned reflex

31
Q

respondent extinction

A

procedure of repeatedly presented a CS without the US until the CS is no longer elicits the conditioned response

32
Q

higher order conditoning

A

stimulus-stimulus pairing of an NS with a CS

33
Q

operant behavior

A

any behavior whose future frequency is determined primarily by its history of consequences.

34
Q

selection by consequences

A

all forms of life evolve as a result of selection with respect to function

35
Q

ontogency

A

individual organism

36
Q

phylogency

A

history of species

37
Q

operant conditioning

A

process and selective effects of consequences on behavior.

38
Q

reinforcer

A

increase of response frequency

39
Q

punisher

A

decrease of response frequency

40
Q

automaticity of reinforcement

A

behavior is modified by its consequences regardless of whether the individual is aware s/he is being reinforced.

41
Q

reinforcement

A

if a bx is followed closely in time by a stimulus event and as a result the future frequency of that type of BX increases in similar conditions.

42
Q

positive reinforcement

A

a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus and results in the behavior occurring more often in the future

43
Q

negative reinforcement

A

frequency of behavior increases because past responses resulted in the removal or termination of a stimulus.

44
Q

aversive stimulus

A

stimulus conditions whose termination functioned as reinforcement.

45
Q

extinction

A

when reinforcement is withheld, the frequency of behavior will gradually decrease to pre-reinforcement levels or cease occur altogether

46
Q

punishment

A

when a behavior is followed by a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar situations

47
Q

unconditioned reinforcer (UR)

A

a stimulus change that can increase the future frequency of behavior without prior pairing with any form of reinforcement.