Chapter 2

Question 1

What was the conflict of 1914-1919 known as?

Answer 1

the ‘Great War’

Question 2

When did the Second World War began?

Answer 2

1939

Question 3

When was the First World War also known as the ‘Great War’?

Answer 3

1914-1918

Question 4

Why was the First World War called the Great War?

Answer 4

It was because the world had never experienced a war on such a large scale before

Question 5

what does the word death toll mean

Answer 5

the number of people killed in a war

Question 6

Explain the idea of nationalism.

Answer 6

People started to take great pride in their countries.Some people felt that their country was better than others.

The obvious way to prove they were the best was to have a war with their rivals

Question 7

Explain the idea of Militarism

Answer 7

People taking great pride in their armies and navies. People made sure that theirs were the best,countries spent more and more money on huge armies.

Countries were prepared to use their forces aggressively to defend or promote their country.

Question 8

Explain the idea of Imperialism

Answer 8

in 1914, European nations wanted big empires. Britain had already conquered lots of land all over the world. The desire to build empires is known as Imperialism.

Question 9

Explain the idea of Alliances

Answer 9

Countries looking for friends when they began to feel threatened to back them up in the war.

The idea was to put other countries off starting a war as it would mean fighting against an alliance of countries instead of one.

This made countries feel more secure

Question 10

Which countries formed the Triple Entente when the Europe split into two alliances?

Answer 10

Britain,France and Russia

Question 11

Which countries formed the Triple Alliance when the Europe split into two alliances?

Answer 11

Austria-Hungary,Germany and Italy

Question 12

When did the heir to the kingdom of Austria-Hungary Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited the Bosnian city of Sarajevo with his wife Sophie?

Answer 12

On 28 June 1914

Question 13

What was the gang of Serbians who wanted to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand called?

Answer 13

Black Hand

Question 14

Describe what happened on the day of Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Answer 14

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Sophie arrived at Sarajevo train station and were driven towards the town hall to meet the mayor. On the way, seven black hand assassins waited for the car by the Cumurja Bridge. One of the Serbians threw a bomb at the royal couple but missed and exploded beneath the car behind.

Archduke’s car sped off to the town hall and cancelled the rest of the visit but decided to check on those injured by the bomb before going home.

As it passed a Cafe,the driver was informed that he’d taken a wrong turn and stopped to turn around. One gang member 19 year old Gavrilo Princip was standing outside the cafe and took out a pistol.

Gavrilo Princip walked towards the car with a pistol and fired two shots. Ferdinand was hit in the throat and Sophie was shot in the stomach. Both were killed.

Question 15

How did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led to an all out war?

Answer 15

Austria-Hungary blames Serbia for killing Archduke and attacks Serbia.

Russia promised to protect Serbia against attack gets its army ready to attack Austria Hungary

Germany, which supports Austria-Hungary hears about Russians preparations for war and declares war on Russia.

Britain prepares its warships

Germany was worried about the French army, so it attacks France first, hoping to quickly defeat the French then turn to fight the Russians

Germany asks Belgium to allow German soldiers to march through Belgium to attack France,Belgium says no. Germany marches into Belgium anyway.

Britain which has a deal to protect Belgium declares war on Germany

Question 16

How did the British government encourage and persuade men to join up the war.

Answer 16

At first, a huge propaganda campaign was started. This meant that the government closely controlled the information in order to influence the public opinion about the war.

It allowed large news articles about battle victories to be printed in newspapers and defeats were hardly mentioned. British soldiers were made to look like heroes while Germans were made to look like cruel savages.

The government hoped that if people loved Britain, they were more likely to support the war and join up the fight.

The propaganda posters aimed at making men love their country and feel guilty about not joining up.

Question 17

What does the word ‘censorship’ mean

Answer 17

the process of government closely controlled information

Question 18

what does the term ‘Pals battalions’ mean?

Answer 18

A group of friends or co-workers who enlisted to fight in the First World War together.

Question 19

How did female pressure the men into joining the First World War

Answer 19

Women were encouraged to persuade or shame men into joining out. A campaign was started where women handed out white feathers as a symbol of cowardice to any man who seemed fit enough to fight but did not join up. Public humiliation was enough to make men join immediately.

Question 20

Describe the law of conscription

Answer 20

any man aged between 18 to 41 could be forced to join the army.

Question 21

What were conscientious objectors?

Answer 21

Men who believed that war was wrong under any circumstances and refused to join up.

Question 22

What happened to people who refused to join up the war?

Answer 22

conscientious objectors who refused to fight still joined the war effort by working in factories or mines or carrying stretchers on the battlefields

People who refused to have anything at all to do with the war were sent to prison with hard conditions

Question 23

Why was the law of conscription created?

Answer 23

many volunteers died and came back home injured.War didn’t seem like such an exciting adventure. But the government still needed more men to join the war.

Question 24

What do you call the areas where the armies fought each other?

Answer 24

the front

Question 25

What do you call the holes that soldiers dug in the ground to protect themselves

Answer 25

trenches

Question 26

Where was the First World War mainly in?

Answer 26

Europe

Question 27

What was the Western Front?

Answer 27

Where French, Belgian and British soldiers tried to stop the Germans advancing to the coastline of northern France

Question 28

What were infantry soldiers?

Answer 28

soldiers who fought on foot

Question 29

How far did the First World War reach or take place?

Answer 29

East,(Eastern Front) where Russians faced Germans and Austro-Hungarians, and in Turkey. Italy fought Austria-Hungary on the Italian border. The war spread to Africa and the PAcific too, as Germany colonies were attacked by Allied forces

Question 30

What were there in the trenches (including what was it made of)

Answer 30

The trenches were protected with sandbags and barbed wire. They were defended by men with rifles,machine guns and hand grenades.

Question 31

What is the no man's land?

Answer 31

An area full of bomb craters and rotting remains of dead soldiers between the trenches and enemy soldier's trenches.

Question 32

Describe the process of attacking trenches

Answer 32

The soldiers would try to capture the enemy's trenches. The attackers would move across no man's land towawrds the enemy trenches and the defenders would try to pick them off with a rifule fire and machine guns. For the loss of thousands of lives, one side might move forward for a week or two and gain few hundred metres of useless ground, a week later for the loss of even more men they might be pushed back to their original trenches

Question 33

What is a stalemate?

Answer 33

A complete inability to move forward and solid determination not to be pushed back.

Question 34

List all the key battles on the Western Front

Answer 34

First Battle of the Marine (1914). Germans fight French and British troops Battle of Verdun (1916). British and French forces attack German positions near the River Somme. Third Battle of Ypres(1917). Troops from Britain and the empire fight German soldiers after the village nearby. German Spring Offensive(1918). Huge German attack on British and French positions Battle of Amiens(1918). British and French attacks on German positions.

Question 35

What was it like fighting under the conditions of Western Fronts? Describe the conditions of soldier's daily lives in the trenches

Answer 35

Soldiers would do their guard duty which involves collecting food, wrote letters, cooking,clean their weapons and repair the trenches Soldiers would be boiling hot in summer and freezing cold and wet in winter. Many became ill and developed ulcers,boils,pneumonia, dysentery and bronchitis. Soldiers would experience trench foot, a condition where the foot sweels up and open sores and can even rot when days are spent deep in water. Soldiers were infested with lice and rats roamed the trenches. The Food was basic- stew,bread and hard biscuits. There were also bacon,cheese and jam. But the water tasted like chlorine.

Question 36

Describe the use of Rifle during the First World War?

Answer 36

the long gun was lightweight and could be carried easily by soldiers. A knife called the bayonet could be fitted to the end. The knife was 40cm long and the gun fired 15 to 20 bullets per minute

Question 37

Describe the use of Machine guns during the First World War?

Answer 37

They could fire up to ten bullets per second. Invented in the mid-1800s. Machine guns caused 40% of all wounds inflicted on British troops during the war.

Question 38

Describe the poison gas used during the First World War

Answer 38

The first ever gas attack was in April 1915. Germans released poisoned gas from cylinders and allowed the wind to carry it over French soldiers on the front line. The French panicked and ran and the Germans did not have enough men to mount a major attack. An opportunity like this never happened again.

Question 39

What 2 types of gas were there used in the First World War

Answer 39

Chlorine gas- suffocated the lungs and left the victim gasping for air Mustard gas- rotted the body, skin blistered, eyes bulged. A victim would cough up the lining of his lungs in clots

Question 40

Why were gas an ineffective weapon in the war

Answer 40

Gas masks protected troops from the worst effects of poison

Question 41

Describe a grenade weapon

Answer 41

Small, hand-held bombs. A soldier had to immediately throw the grenade towards the enemy after removing a pin, as it would explode in a few seconds. The outer case would shatter into razor-sharp fragments causing horrific injuries

Question 42

Describe the tank in the war

Answer 42

An invention by the British, tanks were bulletproof vehicles that could travel over rough ground, crush barbed wire and cross trenches They were called landships at first.Although tanks caused panic and terror on the battlefield, they were very slow and unreliable.

Question 43

Describe the use of fighter and bomber planes in the war

Answer 43

Planes were very slow,clumsy and unreliable. They were used to keep an eye on what the enemy was doing and spotting artillery. fighter planes were soon armed with machine guns and bomber planes were developed to fly over enemy trenches and attack them from the air.

Question 44

When did aeroplanes first appear?

Answer 44

1903

Question 45

Describe the use of artillery in the war

Answer 45

heavy guns that could shoot bombs over long distances. Use to bombard the enmy trenches for several hours before an attack in hope of killing sheltering soldiers. It was fired every month on the Western Front. When the shells exploded, the red-hot metal splinters(sharpnel) would cut an enemy to pieces

Question 46

What is a sharpnel

Answer 46

red-hot metal splinters

Question 47

what does shell shock mean

Answer 47

A nervous condition experienced by soldiers exposed to the noise or chaos of battle

Question 48

When was shell shock diagnosed an illness?

Answer 48

1915

Question 49

How did doctors try to treat shell shock?

Answer 49

They tried rest,hypnosis,counselling and even electric shocks through the brain. Many men just needed time away from the front line to recover.

Question 50

What happens when soldiers had shell shock?

Answer 50

Many men needed time away from the front line to recover. But unfortunately they were often sent straight back to fight when they recovered. Their symptoms returned and soon many ran away. Men caught running away were charged with desertion or cowardice which were considered crimes in the army, some were executed.

Question 51

what does desertion mean

Answer 51

an action of illegally leaving the armed forces.

Question 52

What does a firing squad mean

Answer 52

a group of soldiers who are ordered to shoot and kill prisoners

Question 53

What were the list of crimes for which British soldiers could go on trial

Answer 53

-Being a coward -Leaving a trench or position without permission -Disobeying orders -Falling asleep on guard duty -Going on strike -Throwing away a weapon

Question 54

what does court martial mean

Answer 54

a military court for trying soldiers accused of breaking the rules

Question 55

Following the case of Harry Farr, was Farr suffering from shell shock instead of being a coward? State your evidences

Answer 55

I believe that Harry Farr suffered from a severe shell shock and it was the army's lack of understanding about shell shock. He had been fighting in France for nearly two years and had reported sick with his nerves three times. One time in the hospital he shook so violently that a nurse had to write his letters to his wife. He was returned to the front line each time he recovered. Farr was not give not opportunity to ask someone for help with his defense. Farr stated that he felt very sick and tried to get permission to leave the trenches. Farr also stated the the Sergeant who reported him also threatened him a couple of times and was very rude. Farr also stated that he felt way better when away from the shell fire. Another witness also claimed that he had known Farr and three times he asked for leave because he could not stand the noise of the guns and was trembling. Last, a witness also claimed that on many occasions he has been unable to keep his nerves in action. Apart from his behaviour when fighting, his conduct and character were very good

Question 56

Who was Harry Farr's death sentence confirmed by?

Answer 56

Sir Douglas Haig, man in charge of the British Army.

Question 57

When was Harry Farr shot dead?

Answer 57

18 October 1916

Question 58

What was a war pension

Answer 58

an amount of money regularly paid to the wives of soldiers killed during the war.

Question 59

How did the First World War change medicine? Describe it

Answer 59

Medicine and medical services develop at a greater rate during wartime. Government spend lots of money on developing ways to get their injured soldiers back to fighting fit as soon as possible. Doctors and surgeons work incredibly hard in wartime to develop ideas to treat the injured. THe huge numbers of wounded soldiers give them more opportunity to try new techniques than is available in peacetime.

Question 60

When was X-rays discovered? and how were they developed during the First World War?

Answer 60

THey were discovered in 1895 and hospitals used them to look for broken bones and disease. Marie Curie, a polish-born physicist and chemist helped create mobile X-ray machines which were used in fields hospitals near the battlefields. Doctors use X-rays to find out exactly where bullets or pieces of sharpnel were in the soldiers' bodies.

Question 61

What is Shell Shock known as today?

Answer 61

PTSD(Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)

Question 62

How was plastic surgery developed during the First World War?

Answer 62

army doctor Harold Gillies worked out how to attach a healthy piece of skin to an injured place on patient's body. His work led to the development of what we now call 'plastic surgery' Gillies was one of the first surgeons to think about a patient's appearance when treating their wounds

Question 63

How was Blood transfusions developed during the First World War?

Answer 63

Injured soldiers can lose a lot of blood, which sometimes needs to be replaced.Doctors simply couldn't store blood for long because it clotted. In 1914, Albert Hustin discovered that glucose and sodium citrate stopped blood from clotting on contact with air. This meant that blood could be bottled, packed in ice and taken to where it was needed by surgeons operating on soldiers.

Question 64

How were infections treated during the First World War?

Answer 64

Surgeons worked out that the best way to stop the spread of infection was to cut away any infected flesh and soak the wound in salty water. It did not always work but as a short-term solution in front line hospitals.

Question 65

How were broken bones treated during the First World War? And how was it developed?

Answer 65

New techniques to repair broken bones were developed during the war. The Army Leg Splint was developed to raise and extend the broken leg in traction,helping the bones join back together more securely.

Question 66

The British Empire was a collection of which countries?

Answer 66

Canada,Austrailia,New Zealand,India,the West Indies, South Africa and other parts of Africa

Question 67

When did the First World War break out?

Answer 67

1914`

Question 68

What was Britain's top bravery medal?

Answer 68

Victoria Cross

Question 69

What were the Australians and New Zealanders also known as?

Answer 69

Anzacs

Question 70

What was the home front?

Answer 70

the civilian population of a nation whose armed forces are engaged in war abroad

Question 71

What were Zeppelins

Answer 71

inflatable airships that dropped bombs

Question 72

What is rationing

Answer 72

limiting the amount of items such as food allowed to each person during wartime

Question 73

Why was rationing introcuded by the government during the First World War?What happened when there was less food?

Answer 73

Britain was short of food during the war because German submarines and battleships were sinking the boats that brought food into the country.So the government introduced rationing to make sure that food that was available was equally shared out. Each person was allowed a set amount of butter,sugar ,bacon,ham and so on. Some goods, such as sugar,flour and meat were short on supply, so the prices went up. The government also had to borrow millions of pounds from the USA to pay for the war, so taxes went up to pay back the loans

Question 74

When did the Defence of the Realm Act came out?

Answer 74

when war broke out

Question 75

What did the law Defence of the Realm Act(DORA) do?

Answer 75

It gave the government the power to do whatever it felt was necessary to win the war. It could take over mines,railways and shipyards. It can also control what was published and said in newspapers and on the radio. This is to lower the drunken behaviour. It also involves introducing strict pub opening hours, and allowed beer to be watered down.

Question 76

How did the First World War result in losing a generation

Answer 76

Around 70 million men around the world fought in the First World War. Over eight million fought for Britain and its empire and almost one million of these men were killed. Some had injuries that changed their lives forever.Some communities lost nearly a whole generation of men entirely.

Question 77

Describe what happened during the Final attack of Germans and how it failed

Answer 77

The Germans tried to desperately to defeat the British and French before fresh American soldiers arrived at the front line.The german were eventually forced to retreat despite an all-out attack and large advances. Back in Germany, the ordinary civilians had reached breaking point. British battleships had been blocking supply ships from delivering food into German ports and people were starving. There were riots all over Germany and sailors in the German navy refused to follow orders. Eventually,countries in Germany's side bean to surrender. German's king ,Kaiser Wilhelm II relised he had lost control of his country and abdicated

Question 78

On what date did the countries on Germany's side in the war surrender

Answer 78

September and October 1918

Question 79

What does abdicated mean

Answer 79

when a King or Queen has given up their throne

Question 80

Describe how poppy had become a symbol of life and hope among all the fighting

Answer 80

The war did terrible damage to the land on which it was fought. In France, where most of the fighting took place, a large area was ruined. Buildings,roads,trees were destroyed. Poppy was the only living thing that seemed to flourish.

Question 81

What did a poppy symbolize

Answer 81

it symbolizes of life and hope among all the fighting in the war

Question 82

What did the poppy inspire?

Answer 82

one of the most famous poems of the war

Question 83

When did the First World War end?

Answer 83

November 1918

Question 84

When and Where did the politicians from the winning countries meet? to decide what was to happen to the defeated countries

Answer 84

In January 1919, at the Palace of Versailles

Question 85

Who were the 3 most important politicians at the Paris Peace Conference?

Answer 85

leaders of France,Britain and USA

Question 86

Why were the 3 most important politicians at the Paris Peace Conference nicknamed the 'Big Three'?

Answer 86

They represented the three most powerful winning countries

Question 87

What did the Big Three decide at the meeting?

Answer 87

The Big Three argued about what was going to happen for many months. They eventually came to a decision that Germany's punishments were written out in a huge document called Treaty of Versailles. Germany would face invasion if they didn't sign the treaty.

Question 88

Which 3 specific men did the Big Three include

Answer 88

Georges Clemenceau-Prime Minister of France Woodrow Wilson- President of the United States of America David Llyod George- Prime Minister of Great Britain.

Question 89

When was the Treaty of Versailles signed with Germany?

Answer 89

28 June 1919

Question 90

What happened to the losing countries after the First World War?

Answer 90

The other losing countries signed different treaties and they were also fined and lost land and weapons

Question 91

Describe fully what did the Treaty of Versailles involve

Answer 91

-Germany must pay for the war in money and goods with a figure of 6.6 billion. -They must sign to agree that they had started the war -Germany to hand over colonies to Britain and France -Parts of losing countries cut off to make new countries that wanted to run themselves -Germany to have no air force,submarines or tanks. Only a tiny army of soldiers and navy. -No German soldiers are allowed in the area near the French border (Rhineland) -League of Nations set up

Question 92

When was the League of Nations set up

Answer 92

1920

Question 93

Describe what were the reactions to the Treaty of Versailles at the time?

Answer 93

The Big Three had conflicting ideas about what to do with Germany. By the time the treaty was signed, none of them were completely happy with it. Clemenceau wanted the treaty to be much tougher on Germany by splitting into smaller states but Wilson thought the treaty were far too harsh and stopped it from happening. Ordinary Germans hated the treaty and the people responsible for it. They hated being forced to sign it without having a chance to discuss its terms. The Germans accused their politicians of stabbing their own country in the back.

Question 94

What does the term reparations mean?

Answer 94

money paid by a country that has lost a war, for the damage and injuries it has caused.

Question 95

What did the League of Nations do when it was set up?

Answer 95

It was set up by victorious countries to stop wars forever. Its headquartes were in Geneva,Switzerland. The League of Nation hoped to solve any disputes by discussion rather than war. If one nation did end up declaring war on another, all of the other member nations would stop trading with the invading country until a lack of supplies brought the dispute to an end. The League of Nations aimed to help other countries by working together to fight diseases,stop drug smuggling and slavery,and improve working conditions.

Question 96

What were the Successes of the League of Nations

Answer 96

-It signed the Slavery Convention and freed around 200k slaves. -It helped prisoners of war return home. -It worked hard to defeat diseases such as leprosy,cholera and smallpox. -It sorted out a dispute between Finland and Sweden in 1920 -It sorted out a dispute between Greece and Bulgaria in 1925

Question 97

What were the Failures of the League of Nations

Answer 97

-The League never had its own armed forces -The USA never joined, which made it weaker from the start because America was so powerful -Japan, Italy and Germany joined but eventually left. -It couldn't stop Japan invading China in 1931. -It couldn't stop Italy invading Abyssinia in 1935. -It couldn't stop Germany from building up its weapons again and expanding territory in Europe.

Question 98

A person who refused to serve in the armed forces because it was against their moral or religious beliefs was known by what term?

Answer 98

conscientious objector.

Question 99

Which fronts crossed through Belgium and France

Answer 99

the Western Front.

Question 100

Which weapon was first used in the First World War in April 1915?

Answer 100

poison gas

Question 101

How many people from Britain's colonies fought for Britain during the war?

Answer 101

2.5 million

Question 102

Which countries did Britain's colonies fought for Britain?

Answer 102

Europe,North America,South America, Australasia, Asia and Africa