Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Biological Perspective
A
Focuses on the biological underlings of abnormal behavior and the use of bio based approaches like drug therapy. Gave rise to the med model. Focuses on heredity and nervous system
2
Q
Parts of the neuron
A
- dendrites- short fibers that project from cell to receive messages
- axon- projects trunklike from cell body. Extend several feet
- terminals- at end of axon, release NeuroTs into cleft
myelin sheath- covering that speeds transmission of impulses - synapse- junction between neuron
3
Q
Neurotransmitters
A
chemical substances, induce chemical changes in receiving neurons that cause axons to conduct the message in electrical form.
4
Q
Reuptake
A
reabsorption of neuroT, by axon terminal to prevent firing
5
Q
Neurotransmitters associated with following disorders:
- Alzheimers
- Schizo
- Depression
- . Depression/eating disorders
A
- Acetycholine
- Dopamine
- Norepinephrine
- Serotionin
6
Q
Central nervous system
A
brain and spinal cord, controls bodily functions and higher mental functions like sensation, perception, and p solving. Includes forebrain, hindbrain, and midbrain.
7
Q
Hindbrain (3)
A
- Medulla- vital life support functions (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration)
- Pons- transmits info about body movement and is involved in sleep, attention, and respiration.
- cerebellum- regulates balance and motor behavior.
8
Q
Peripheral Nervous system
A
made of nerves that receive and transmit sensory messages to the brain and spinal cord and transmits messages to the muscles/ glands. Made up of somatic and autonomic systems
9
Q
Mid brain (1)
A
RAS- starts in hindbrain and extends to forebrain. A web of neurons that help regulate sleep, attention, arousal.
10
Q
Forebrain (4)
A
- Thalamus- relays sensory info (visual/tactile) to the higher regions of the brain. Also helps RAS with sleep and attention.
- hypothalamus- tiny, vital body functions ( regulation of body temp, fluids in blood, reproductive processes, emotional and motivational states).
- Basil ganglia- regulates postural movements and coordination
- Cerebrum- higher mental function like p solving and thinking. gives round shape of head.
11
Q
limbic system
A
hypothala, thala, and other structures make up this. Helps with emotional and memory.
12
Q
Cerebral Cortex
A
Surface area of cerebrum; the thinking planning and excutive center. The consciousness and sense of self. Use of language. Two masses: left/right hemisphere. each has four lobes:
Occiptal, Tempora(audio), Parietal(touch), Frontal(muscle movements).
13
Q
Huntington’s disease
A
caused by deterioration of the basil; a degenerative disease that can lead to disturbance of mood and paranoia and dementia.
14
Q
Somatic nervous system
A
transmits messages from sensory organs to brain; leads to sensations, and movement.
15
Q
autonomic nervous syste
A
regulates glands and involuntary process such as heart rate, breathing, digestion, dilation of pupils. Two parts:
- Sympathetic- processes that mobilize body during stress, draws energy, accelerates heart rate, breathing. Causes fear and anxiety.
- Parasym- decelerates the heart, replenishes, like digestion.
16
Q
psychological perspective
- when?
- includes?
A
came about in 19th century; includes behaviorist, humanistic, congnitivist. All psychodynamics theories
17
Q
Psychoanalytic theory
A
Freuds belief that roots of psych problems involve unconscious motives and conflicts that come from childhood. Abnormal behavior is the symptoms of these struggles in the unconscious mind.
18
Q
Structure of peronsality: pyshcic structures
A
ID- basic drives; pleasure principle that demands instant gratification.
EGO- develops to cope with frustration. Curbs id to keep with social customs. Operates on reality principle.
SUPEREGO- develops at age 5, internalization of moral standards of parents. If ego has fail it emits shame/ guilt.
19
Q
Defense mechanisms
A
Ego uses to prevent socially unacceptable impulses from rising into consciousness.
20
Q
Stages of psychosexual development
A
- oral
- anal
- phallic
- latent
- genital
21
Q
Eros
A
Freud called this the major life instance; the basic drive to preserve and perpetuate life. The energy within it is called libido which is expressed thru erogenous zones.
22
Q
Carl Jung
A
Psychodynamic theorists who developed analytical psychology. Incorped self awareness and self direction. We have a personal unconscious which is full of repressed memories and impulses. Collective unconscious is archetypes or primitive images that reflect the history of our species
23
Q
Alfred Adler
A
Psychodynamic theorists we are driven by an inferiority complex/ We drive for superiority and social dominance (devotion to helping ppl). Creative self is a self aware aspect of personality that strives to overcome things and reach potential. Shifted from id to ego. Developed individual therapy.
24
Q
Karen Horney
A
Psychodynamic theorists, stressed the importance of child parent relationships. Basic anxiety is where child feels alone and helpless. Basic Hostility is feelings of resentment towards parents, could be bc they fear losing parents. BasicHostile is more anxiety producing.
25
Heinz Hartman
originator of ego psychology which posits that the ego has energy and motives of its own (we seek education)
26
Erik Erikson
Psychodynamic theorists; focused on psychosocial development. Importance of social relationships and formation of personal identity. Greatest challenge faced by adults is the development of ego identity, a clear sense of who you are.
27
Margaret Mahler
Psychodynamic theorists; created object relation theory focusing on how children develop symbolic representations of parents. We introject and incorp our own personalities with parents. We may become unable to see real selves. aim is to help separate own ideas and feeling from introjections.
28
Psychosis
loss of touch with reality, bizarre behavior with hallucinations, incoherent speed, bizarre posturing and gestures. Caused by id spilling over to weak ego.
29
Learning based models(3)
| -when?
took shape in 20th century. behavioral perspectives, cognitive perspective, social cognitive
30
behavioral perspective
| 2
identified with Ivan Pavlov and John B Watson, the father of behaviorism. Focuses on role of learning in both abnormal and normal behavior. Abnormal behavior is the acquisition or learning of maladaptive behavior. Watson, and Skinner believed human behavior is a product of our genetics and environmental influence. Believe we should limit study to behavior rather than underlying motivations. Two forms of learning: classical and operant.
31
Classical Conditioning
Neural stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus produces a UR. Conditioned stimulus paired with the unconditioned stimulus produces UR. Finally The CS produces the CR.
Can only be used for simple behaviors.
32
Operant conditioning
B.F. skinner; responses acquired and strengthened by their consequences. Reinforment increase the frequency of the behavior. Positive R- or rewards boost the frequency of behavior. Negative R- increase the frequency if removed. Punishment decreases behavior.
33
Social cognitive theory
Albert Bandura, Julian Rotter, Walter Mischel. Expanded learning theory by including roles for thinking and learning by molding. Believe we have and impact on environment and vice versa. Unlike Watson and Skinner who believe theories of nature should be tied to observable behavior, they believe that factors within the person like expectants (values placed on goals) should be considered.
34
Behavior therapy
spawned from learning perspectives; involves systematically applying learning principles to help ppl change their behavior.
35
Humanistic Models
Came about in 20th century and developed form psychodynamic and behavior learning models; emphasizes freedom to make conscious choices that give lives sense of meaning and purpose. Carl Rogers and Maslow believe that ppl have an inborn tendency toward self actualization- the strive to be all you can be. If we recognize and accept our genuine feelings we live authentically. Psychologists must learn to view the world form clients perspectives and interpret them in self enhancing or defeating easy.
36
Carl Rogers
Held that abnormal behaviors come from a distorted concept of the self. Unconditional Positive regard can be developed when parent shows child worth of love no matter the behavior. Conditional positive regard happens when parents only accept child when the behave a certain way. this can lead to conditions of self worth.
37
Cognitive Models
The thoughts, beliefs, expectations that accompany abnormal behavior. They focus on how our epectations and attitudes can bias processing of info about world which can lead to abnormal behavior. Believe that our interoperation of the events and not the events themselves deterring our emotional states. They use info processing models.
38
Cognitive distortions
Cognitive theorists call errors in thinking (depressed tend to exaggerate negative events)
39
Albert Ellis
Cognitive theorist, believed that troubling events do not lead to anxiety but the irrational beliefs we hold about them. Used the ABC approach: A is an activating event, C is the consequence both mediated by the belief. Developed the rational emotive behavior therapy to help ppl dispute irrational beliefs.
40
Aaron Beck
cognitive theorist; proposed that depression may result form error in thinking or cognitive distortions. Stressed four types of cognitive distortions that lead to emotional distress:
1. Selective Abstraction- selectively focusing on flaw
2. Overgeneralizing- from a isolated experience
3. Magnification- Blow out of proportions
4. Absolutist thinking- black and white
he developed cognitive therapy to help ppl correct faulty ways of thinking.
41
Cognitive Behavioral therapy
Came from learning and cognitive approaches. a form of therapy that focus on modifying self defeating beliefs. Beck and Ellis's therapy. Attempts to help ppl make changes in their overt behaviors AND the underlying thoughts. Assumes thinking patterns and beliefs affect behavior.
42
Sociocultural perspective
Considers the factors related to ethnicity, race, gender, social class.
43
Thomas Szaz
Denied existence of psych disorders, said it was just a label.
44
Chronicity
The persistence of psych disorder; (blacks and Mex's both have lower rates of psych disorders than americans, but higher chronicity rates)
45
Native Americans (4)
1. Suffer most from disorders than other ethnic groups
2. Alcohol disorders are 6x more likely than americans
3. sucide rates are 4x more than other ethnic groups
4. sucide rates are highest in nation
46
Social causation model
a sociocultural view that holds ppl from lower SES gourds are at greater risk of severe behavior problems bc of living in poverty which brings more stress.
47
Downward drift hypotheses
suggests that problems behaviors lead ppl to drift downward in social status.
48
Diathesis Stress Model
model of biopsychosocial; originally developed to explain schizo; hold stat certain psych disorders arise form a combo or interaction of a diathesis or vulnerability/ predisposition to develop disorder usually genetic, with stressful life experiences. Used for depression and ADHD
49
Psychotherapy
AKA talk therapy, is a structured treatment based on psych framework and comprising one or more verbal interchanges between client and therapist.
50
Psychoanalysis
developed by Freud; first form of psychodynamic therapy- a term referring to psychotherapy based on freud tradition to gain insight, resolve, struggles in unconscious mind.
51
Free Association
process of expressing whatever. Believed to gradually brake down the defenses that block awareness of unconscious processes. Ego may show resistance- unwillingness to recall.
52
Dream Analysis
During sleep, ego's defenses are lowered and unacceptable impulses expressed in dreams. Two levels: Manifest- the material the dreamer reports
Latent- the unconscious material the dream symbolizes.
53
Transference
provides a vehicle for childhood reenactment called transference neurosis.
54
Behavior Therapy (3)
systematic application of the principles of learning to the treatment of psych disorders. Usually very brief. Uses systematic desensitization, gradual exposure, modeling.
55
Systematic desensitization
program of exposure of the client to progressively more fearful stimuli while they remain relaxed (pictures/imagination). Client progresses in the fear stimulus hierarchy.
56
Gradual exposure
people with phobias put themselves in situations in which they engage fearful real life encounters.
57
Modeling
learn desired behaviors by observing others performing them.
58
Humanistic Therapy
focus on clients subjective conscious experiences. Major form of therapy called person centered therapy by Rogers.
59
Person centered therapy
| -4 qualities
psych disorders arise form roadblocks from other ppl on path to self actualization. When others are selective in their approval of our feelings we may disown them. This therapy creates conditions of warmth and acceptance in the therapeutic relationship the help clients become more acceptive of their true selves. Therapists should not impose goals or values on clients. Therapy should be non directive where the client takes control. Therapists should use reflection to paraphrase clients feelings. Effective therapist has four qualities: unconditional positive regard, empathy, genuineness, and congruence.
60
Cognitive therapy
| -2 types
focus on helping clients identify and correct faulty thing, distorted beliefs, that create emotional problems. They argue that negative emotions are caused by the interpretations of events. Two types: Rational emotive behavior & cognitive therapy
61
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
By Albert Elllis; a cognitive therapy. Therapists actively dispute clients irrational beliefs and the premises on which they are baed and help clients develop adaptive beliefs in place. Homework assignments often given.
62
Beck's cognitive therapy
| - 1 technique?
focuses on helping people change faulty or distorted thinking. The fastest growing and most widely psychotherapy used. Therapists encourage their clients to recognize and change errors in thinking or cognitive distortions. Ask clients to record their thoughts in response to upsetting events and note connections between their thoughts and emotional responses. Use of reality testing where clients test their negative beliefs in light of reality.
63
Eclectic Therapy, percentage
Mix of the major psychological models (behaviorist, humanist, cognitive). Incorps techniques that best suit the client. Largest percentage of clinical psychologists (22%) use this approach not counting the cognitive approach (31%). Two general types technical and integrative eclecticism.
64
Technical Eclecticism
Draws on techniques from different schools without adopting the thoretical positions. Assumes a pragmatic approach in using techniques from diff approaches.
65
Integrative Eclecticism
attempt to synthesize diverse theoretical approaches and bring together diff concepts under one model of therapy.
66
Family therapy
therapists adopt a systems approach to understanding the workings of the family and problems that may arise within. They see the problems as representing a breakdown in the system of communications within the family.
67
Meta analysis
| - of psychotherapy (%'s)
Reviews of the scientific literature; a statistical technique which averages the results of a large number os studies to determine level of effectiveness.
- 375 studies showed psychotherapy clients better off than 75% of untreated ones.
- a 475 study showed 80%
- 50% of clients show improvement by 13 sessions and 80% by 26.
68
Nonspecific treatment factors (3)
Factors non specific to any one form of psychotherapy, such as therapists attention and support. Include:
1. empathy, support, attention
2. Therapeutic alliance
3. working alliance
69
Efficacy studies
a type of research study; speak to the issue of whether a particular treatment works better than control under lab settings
70
Effectiveness studies
a type of research study; examine the effects of treatment when it is delivers by therapists in real world settings.
71
Empirically supported treatments
specific psych treatments that have been demonstrated to be effective in treating disorders. AKA evidence based practice.
72
Multicultural issues in Psychotherapy
| - Asian Americans
a culturally specific form of behavior therapy for phobias war more effective for Asians that standard one.
Value restraint in talking about feelings. Expression of emotions is discouraged. Psychological complaints like anxiety are expressed as physical symptoms, they somacticize emotional problems because of different communication styles. Instead of development of the self, therapy should focus on family centered values, switching from me/i to we/us.
May use mindfulness mediation.
73
African Americans
Known to minimize vulnerability, be less self disclosing.
74
Hispanic Americans
Value respect, dignity, and family. Instead of therapist valuing independence and self reliance, they need to value interdependence of the family.
- antaques de nervios affects 5% of children.
75
Native Americans
Expect therapist will do most taliingand play a passive role. May use indigenous ceremonies such as purification and cleansing rites.
76
Ethnic Minorities Barriers to Receiving Treatment
1 .Cultural mistrust
2. Mental health literacy
3. Insitiutional barriers (far from home)
4. Cultural barriers (MD not as serious, little contact with mental health professionals)
5. Language barriers
6. Economic barriers (living in distressed areas)
77
Biomedical Therapies
| -psychopharmacology
Use of psychotoropic drugs or psychiatric drugs; Examines the effects of therapeutic or psychiatric drugs.
78
Antianxiety drugs (3)
AKA anxiolytics; combat anxiety and reduce muscle tension. They include mild tranquilizers or benzodiazepine's (diazepam(valium), Alprazolam(Xanax), Triazolam(Halcion)).
79
Rebound anxiety
When you have strong anxiety after withdrawal from tranquilizer.
80
Antipsychotic drugs (3)
AKA neuroleptics, uses to treat schizo and other psychotic disorders. Phenothiazines introduced into 1950's and work by blocking dopamine sites in brain. Pheno's include: Chorpromazine(thorazine), Thioridazine (Mellaril), and fluphenazine (Prolixin).
Clozapine(clozaril) a diff neuroleptic is used when others not work but is dangerous.
81
Tardive dyskinesia
long term use of antipsychotic drugs can produce this irreversible and disabling motor disorder; uncontrollable eye blinking, facial grimaces, lip smacking, and other involuntary movements.
82
Antidepressants
| - 4 classes
tricyclics(TCA's), monoamine oxidase(MAO)inhibitors, selective sereotinin reuptake inhibitiors (SSRI's), and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors(SNRI's)
83
TCA's (3)
Tricyclics; increase the availability of neuroTs norepinephrine and serotonin. Include: Imipramine(Tofranil), Amitripyline(Elavil) and doxepin (sinquan). Favored over MAO's
84
MAO inhibitors
include: phenezline(Nardil)
85
SSRI's (2)
effect serotonin levels by interfering with the reuptake of serration by neurons. Include: Fluoxetine(prozac), Sertaline(zoloft).
86
SNRI's
work by increasing levels of serration and norepinephrine by interfering with reuptake. Include Venlafaxine (Effexor)
87
Anticonvulsive drugs
Lithium, a salt, used to treat manic symptoms and stabilize mood swings in ppl with bipolar disorder. Can be toxic so blood levels need to be check.
Depakote used for epilepsy sometimes used for bipolar disorder for ppl who can't tolerate lithium.
88
ECT
Electric shock sent thru brain to induce convulsion, used for depression. Associated with memory loss.
89
Psychosurgery
Prefrontal lobotomy where nurse path to thalamus is severed. Based on theory that extremely disturbed patients suffer from overexictment of emotional impulses from thalamus and hypothalamus.
