Chapter 2

Question 1

an association between increases in one variable and increases in the other or between decreases in one and increase in the other

Answer 1

positive correlation

Question 2

an association between increases in one and decreases in another

Answer 2

negative correlation

Question 3

a variable that an experiment predicts will be affected by manipulations of the independent variable

Answer 3

dependent variable

Question 4

a study in which the researcher carefully and systematically observes and records behaviour, without interfering with the behaviour, it may involve either naturalistic or laboratory observation

Answer 4

observational study

Question 5

the descriptive study between that looks for a consistent relation between two phenomena

Answer 5

correlational study

Question 6

a shortcoming of findings from a sample of volunteers instead of a representation sample, the volunteers may differ those who did not.

Answer 6

volunteer bias

Question 7

questionares and interviews that ask people directly about their experience or opinions

Answer 7

surveys

Question 8

a group of individuals selected from a population for study, which matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex

Answer 8

representative sample

Question 9

the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure

Answer 9

validity

Question 10

the tendency to look for or pay attention to information that confirms one’s beliefs

Answer 10

confirmation bias

Question 11

the principle that a scientific theory must make predictions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of disconfirmation, that is, the theory must predict what will and what will not happen

Answer 11

principle of falsifiability

Question 12

a precise definition of a term in a hypothesis which specifies the operations of observing and measuring the process or phenomenon of being defined

Answer 12

operational definition

Question 13

a study in which people or animals of different ages are compared at any given time

Answer 13

cross sectional study

Question 14

statistical test that shows how likely it is that a study’s results occurred merely by chance

Answer 14

significance test

Question 15

statistical procedures that allows researchers to draw inferences about how statistically meaningful a study’s results are

Answer 15

inferential statistics

Question 16

a commonly used measure of variability that indicates the average difference between scores in a distribution and their mean

Answer 16

standard deviation

Question 17

an average that is calculated by adding up a set of quantities and dividing the sum by the total number of quantities in the set.

Answer 17

arithmetic mean

Question 18

statistical procedures that organize and summarize research data

Answer 18

descriptive statistics

Question 19

descriptive or experimental research conducted in a natural setting like the laboratory

Answer 19

field research

Question 20

an experiment in which neither the people being nor the individuals running the study know who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group until after the results are tallied.

Answer 20

double-blind study

Question 21

unintended changes in study, participants behaviour due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter

Answer 21

experimenter effects

Question 22

an experiment in which participants do not know whether or not they are in a experimental or control group

Answer 22

single-blind study

Question 23

an inactive substance or fake treatment used to control an experiment or given by a medical practitioner to a patient

Answer 23

placebo

Question 24

a procedure for assigning people to experimental and control groups in which each individual has the same probability as any other by being assigned to a given group

Answer 24

random assignment

Question 25

an organized system of assumptions and principles to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelations

Answer 25

theory

Question 26

a study in which people or animals are followed and periodically reassessed over a period of time.

Answer 26

longitudinal study

Question 27

the amount of variance among scored in a study accounting for by the independent variable

Answer 27

effect size

Question 28

a procedure of combining and analyzing data from many studies it determines how much of the variance in scores across all studies can be explained by a particular variable

Answer 28

meta-analysis

Question 29

the doctrine that anyone who participates in human research must do some voluntarily and must know enough about the study to make an intelligent decision about whether to take part

Answer 29

informed consent

Question 30

a statement that attempts to predict or account for a set of phenomena scientific hypotheses specify relations among events or variables and are empirically tested

Answer 30

hypothesis

Question 31

in test construction the consistency of scores derived from a test from one time and place to another

Answer 31

reliability

Question 32

in test construction established standards of performance

Answer 32

norms

Question 33

test to construction to develop uniform procedures for giving and scoring tests

Answer 33

standardize

Question 34

procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits emotional states, interests and abilities

Answer 34

psychological tests

Question 35

a detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated

Answer 35

case study

Question 36

methods that yield descriptions of behaviour but not necessarily casual explanations

Answer 36

descriptive methods

Question 37

in an experiment, a comparison condition in which participants are not exposed to the same treatment as in the experimental condition

Answer 37

control condition

Question 38

a variable that an experimenter manipulates

Answer 38

independent variable

Question 39

a controlled test of a hypothesis is which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effects on another

Answer 39

experiment

Question 40

a measure of correlation that ranges in value from -1.00 to +1.00

Answer 40

coefficient of correlation

Question 41

characteristics in behaviour or experience that can be measured or described by a numeric scale

Answer 41

variables

Question 42

a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another

Answer 42

correlation