Chapter 9

Question 1

a mental category that groups objects, relations, activity, abstractions, or qualities having common properties

Answer 1

concept

Question 2

concepts that have a moderate number of instances and that are easier to acquire than those having few or many instances

Answer 2

basic concepts

Question 3

an especially representative example of a concept

Answer 3

prototype

Question 4

a unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea

Answer 4

proposition

Question 5

an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspects of the world

Answer 5

cognitive schema

Question 6

a mental representation that mirrors or resembles the thing it represents, mental image occurs in many and perhaps all sensory modalities

Answer 6

mental images

Question 7

mental processes occurring outsie of conscious awareness but accessible to consciousness when necessary

Answer 7

subconscious processes

Question 8

mental processes occurring outside of and not available to conscious awareness

Answer 8

non consciousness process

Question 9

leaning that occurs when you acquire knowledge about something without being aware of how you did do and without being able to state exactly what it is you have learned

Answer 9

implicit learning

Question 10

the drawing of conclusions or inferences from observations, facts or assumptions

Answer 10

reasoning

Question 11

a problem solving strategy guaranteed to produce a solution even if the user does not know how it works

Answer 11

algorithm

Question 12

a form of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from certain premises, if the premises are true, and the conclusion must be true

Answer 12

deductive reasoning

Question 13

a form of reasoning in which the premises provide support for a conclusion, but it is stil possible for the conclusion to be false

Answer 13

inductive reasoning

Question 14

a rule of thumb that suggests a course of action or guides problem solving but does not guarantee an optimal solution

Answer 14

heuristic

Question 15

a process in which opposing facts or idea are weighed and compared, with a view to determining the best solution or resolving differences

Answer 15

dialectical reasoning

Question 16

the tendency to consult ones emotions instead of estimating probabilities objectively

Answer 16

affect heuristic

Question 17

the tendency to judge the probability of a type of event by how easy it is to think of examples or instances

Answer 17

availability heuristic

Question 18

the tendency for peoples choices to be affected by how a choice is presented, or framed. for example: whether it is worded in terms of potential losses or gains

Answer 18

framing effect

Question 19

the tendency to overestimate ones ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known, the “i knew it all along” phenomenon

Answer 19

hindsight bias

Question 20

the tendency to look for or pay attention to only information that confirms ones own belief

Answer 20

confirmation bias

Question 21

a tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems

Answer 21

mental set

Question 22

a state of tension that occurs when a person holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistant or when a persons belief is incongruent with his or her behaviour

Answer 22

cognition dissonance

Question 23

in the theory of cognition dissonance, tension that occurs when you believe you may have made a bad decision

Answer 23

post decision dissonance

Question 24

the tendency of individuals to increase their liking for something that they have worked hard or suffered to attain a common form of dissonance reduction

Answer 24

justification of effort

Question 25

an inferred characteristic of an individual, usually defined as the ability to profit form experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully or adapt to changes in the environment

Answer 25

intelligence

Question 26

the measurement of mental abilities, traits and processes

Answer 26

psychometrics

Question 27

a statistical method for analyzing the intercorrelations among various measures or test scores, clusters of measures or scores that are highly correlated are assumed to measure the same underlying trait ability, or aptitude

Answer 27

factor analysis

Question 28

a general intelectual ability assumed by many theories to underlie specific mental abilities and factors

Answer 28

g factor

Question 29

the measure of mental development expressed in terms of the average mental ability at any given age

Answer 29

mental age

Question 30

a measure of intelligence originally computed by dividing a persons mental age and multiplying by 100, it is now derived from norms provided for standardized intelligence tests

Answer 30

(IQ) intelligence quotient

Question 31

a burden of doubt a person feels about his or her performance, due to the negative stereotypes about his or her group abilities

Answer 31

stereotype threat

Question 32

a theory of intelligence that emphasizes information processing strategies, the ability to creatively transfer skills to new situations and the practical application of intelligence

Answer 32

triarchic theory of intelligence

Question 33

the knowledge or awareness of ones own cognitive processes and the ability to monitor and control those processes

Answer 33

metacognition

Question 34

strategies for success that are not explicitly taught but that instead must be inferred

Answer 34

tacit knowledge

Question 35

the ability to identify your own and other peoples emotions accurately, and regulate emotions in yourself and others

Answer 35

emotional intelligence

Question 36

the study of cognitive processes in non human animals

Answer 36

cognitive ethology

Question 37

a system of beliefs about the way ones own mind and the minds of others work and how individuals are affected by their beliefs and feelings

Answer 37

theory of mind