Chapter 7

Question 1

a relatively permanent change in behaviour for behavioural potential due to experience

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

an approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behaviour and the role of the environment as a determinant of behaviour

Answer 2

behaviourism

Question 3

a basic kind of learning that involves association between environment stimuli and the organisms responses

Answer 3

conditioning

Question 4

the classical conditioning term for a stimuli that elicits a reflective response in the absence of learning

Answer 4

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 5

the classical conditioning term for a reflective response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning

Answer 5

unconditioned response (US)

Question 6

the classical conditioning tern for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 6

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 7

the classical conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioning stimulus, it occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 7

Conditioned response (CR)

Question 8

the process by which a preciously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association witha stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response

Answer 8

classical conditioning

Question 9

the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response, in classical conditioning, it occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 9

extinction

Question 10

the reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction

Answer 10

spontaneous recovery

Question 11

in classical conditioning, a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus

Answer 11

higher-order conditioning

Question 12

after conditioning, the tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles one involved in the the original conditioning, in classical conditioning it occurs when a stimulus that resembles the CS elicits the CR.

Answer 12

stimulus generalization

Question 13

the tendency to respond differently to tow or more similar stimuli, in classical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus similar to CS fails to evoke the CR

Answer 13

stimulus discrimination

Question 14

in classical conditioning, the process of paining a conditioned stimulus witha stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response

Answer 14

counter conditioning

Question 15

the process by with a response becomes more likely ro occur or less so, depending on the consequences

Answer 15

operant conditioning

Question 16

the process by with a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows

Answer 16

reinforcement

Question 17

the process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of the response that it follows

Answer 17

punishment

Question 18

a stimulus that is inherently reinforcing, typically satisfying a phycological need, example:food

Answer 18

primary reinforcer

Question 19

a stimulus that is inherently punishing, example: electric shock

Answer 19

primary punisher

Question 20

a stimulus has acquired reinforcing properties through association with other reinforcers

Answer 20

secondary reinforcer

Question 21

a stimulus that has acquired punishing properties through association with other punishers

Answer 21

secondary punisher

Question 22

a reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the presentation of, or increase in intensity of, a reinforcing stimulus, as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur

Answer 22

positive reinforcement

Question 23

a reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the removal, delay or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus, as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur

Answer 23

negative reinforcement

Question 24

the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response in operant conditioning, it occurs when a response is no longer followed by a reinforcer

Answer 24

extinction

Question 25

in operant conditioning, the tendency for a response that has been reinforced (or punished) in the presence of one stimulus to occur in the presence of other similar stimuli

Answer 25

stimulus generalization

Question 26

in operant conditioning, the tendency of a response to occur in the presence of one stimulus but not in the presence of another, similar stimuli that differ from it on some dimension

Answer 26

stimulus discrimination

Question 27

a stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence

Answer 27

discriminative stimulus

Question 28

a reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is always reinforced

Answer 28

continuous reinforcement

Question 29

a reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced.

Answer 29

intermittent (partial) schedule of reinforcement

Question 30

an operant conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforcement

Answer 30

shaping

Question 31

in the operant conditioning procedure of shaping, behaviours that are ordered in terms of increasing similarity of closeness to the desired response

Answer 31

successive approximation

Question 32

during operant learning, the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behaviour

Answer 32

instinctive drift

Question 33

the application of operant conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behaviour,

Answer 33

behaviour modification

Question 34

reinforcers that are not inherently related to the activity being reinforced

Answer 34

extrinsic reinforcers

Question 35

reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced

Answer 35

intrinsic reinforcers

Question 36

a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response, it occurs without obvious reinforcements

Answer 36

latent learning

Question 37

theories that emphasize how behaviour is learned and maintained through observation and imitations of others, positive consequences and cognitive processes such as plans, expectations and beliefs

Answer 37

social cognitive theories

Question 38

a process in which an individual learns new responses by observing the behaviour of another (a model) rather than through direct experience

Answer 38

observational learning