Chapter 2

Question 1

Element

Answer 1

simplest form of matter with its own unique chemical properties
**one or two letter symbols

Question 2

atomic number

Answer 2

number of protons in the nucleus

Question 3

minerals

Answer 3

inorganic elements taken from soil by plants and passed up the food chain
** structure and enzymes

Question 4

Nucleus

Answer 4

protons and neutrons

Question 5

protons

Answer 5

+1 charge

mass=1 amu(atomic mass unit)

Question 6

neutrons

Answer 6

no charge

mass=1 amu (atomic mass unit)

Question 7

atomic mass

Answer 7

approximately=protons + neutron

Question 8

electrons

Answer 8

-1 charge
little to no mass
number of electrons=number of protons

Question 9

valence electrons

Answer 9

outer most shell

chemical bonding properties of an atom

Question 10

isotopes

Answer 10

radioisotopes-unstable isotopes that give off radiation

** every element has at least one radioisotope

Question 11

molecules

Answer 11

chemical particles composed of two or more atoms untied by chemical bonds

Question 12

compounds

Answer 12

molecules composed of two or more different elements

Question 13

molecular formula

Answer 13

identifies elements and how many of each are present

Question 14

nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 14

strongest of all bonds

electrons shared equally

Question 15

polar covalent bonds

Answer 15

strongest of all bonds

electrons shared unequally

Question 16

hydrogen bond

Answer 16

weak attraction between slightly + and slightly - charged ions
**very important
-protein structure
-DNA structure
Individually weak but collectively strong

Question 17

Van der Waals forces

Answer 17

weak, brief attraction between neutral atoms

**changes in electron density causes polarity

Question 18

hydrophilic

Answer 18

substances dissolve in water

Question 19

hydrophobic

Answer 19

substances do not dissolve in water

Question 20

adhesion

Answer 20

tendency of one subject to cling to another

Question 21

cohesions

Answer 21

tendency of like molecules to cling to each other

Question 22

chemical reactivity

Answer 22

the ability to participate in chemical reactions

Question 23

solute

Answer 23

particles of matter in a solution

** can be: gas, liquid, solid

Question 24

solvent

Answer 24

the more abundant substance in a solution (usually water)

Question 25

energy

Answer 25

capacity to do work

Question 26

chemical energy

Answer 26

potential energy stored in molecular bonds

Question 27

heat

Answer 27

kinetic energy of molecular movement

Question 28

chemical reaction

Answer 28

process in which covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken

Question 29

catabolism

Answer 29

energy releasing decomposition reactions * breaks covalent bonds * smaller molecules * releases useful energy

Question 30

anabolism

Answer 30

energy storing synthesis reactions * requires energy input * protein or fat * driven by energy from catabolism

Question 31

macromolecules

Answer 31

very large organic molecules * *very high molecular weights - protein, DNA

Question 32

monomers

Answer 32

identical or similar subunits

Question 33

conformation

Answer 33

3D shape of protein crucial to function * *able to reversibly change - enzyme function, muscle contraction

Question 34

Denaturation

Answer 34

extreme conformational change destroying function

Question 35

chemical bonds

Answer 35

forces holding molecules together | forces attracting one molecule to another

Question 36

mixtures

Answer 36

consists of substances physically blended, not chemically combined

Question 37

solvency

Answer 37

the ability to dissolve other chemicals

Question 38

heat capacity

Answer 38

the amount of heat required to increase temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C

Question 39

potential energy

Answer 39

energy contained in an object because of its position or state

Question 40

kinetic energy

Answer 40

energy of motion

Question 41

chemical reactions

Answer 41

process in which covalent/ ionic bond is formed or destroyed

Question 42

decomposition reaction

Answer 42

breakdown of one larger molecule into 2+ smaller ones | ab=a+b

Question 43

synthesis reactions

Answer 43

2+ smaller molecules form a larger one | a+b=ab

Question 44

exchange reactions

Answer 44

2 molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms | ab+cd=abcd=ac+bd

Question 45

law of mass action

Answer 45

equations reads from side with a greater quantity of molecules to the one with less

Question 46

q10 effect

Answer 46

for every 10 degrees C increase the reaction rate doubles

Question 47

polymers

Answer 47

molecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits(monomer)

Question 48

isomer

Answer 48

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas