Chapter 8 (test 2)

Question 1

axial skeleton

Answer 1

skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs, and hyoid

Question 2

appendicular skeleton

Answer 2

pectoral girdle, upper limbs, hip bones and lower limbs

Question 3

Number of bones and variations

Answer 3

Birth: 270
Adult: 206
Variation:
-sesamoid bones develop in tendons
- sutural bones

Question 4

Sinuses

Answer 4

Paranasal Sinuses are the ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary, and fontal

• mucous membrane lining and air filled
• lighten anterior portion of skull
• adds resonance to the voice

Question 5

Cranial Bones and the cranium

Answer 5

Cranium protects the brain and associated sense organs
- meninges separate the brain from direct contact with the bones
8 cranial bones
-1 frontal
-2 parietal
-2 temporal
-1 occipital
-1 sphenoid
-1 ethmoid

Question 6

sutures

Answer 6

lines running between the cranial bones where they connect

Question 7

foramina

Answer 7

holes for nerves and blood vessels

Question 8

Facial Bones

Answer 8

-support teeth
-gives shape and individuality to face
-form point of orbital and nasal cavities
-attachments for muscles of facial expression and mastication
14 bones
-2 maxillae
-2 palatine bones
-2 zygomatic bones
-2 lacrimal bones
-2 nasal bones
-2 inferior nasal conchae
-1 vomer
-1 mandible

Question 9

Bones associated with the skull

Answer 9

auditory ossicles
- 3 inner ear bones: malleus, stapes, and incus
hyoid bone
-supports the tongue

Question 10

frontal bone

Answer 10

forehead and part of roof of cranium

• coronal suture: connects frontal bone to parietal bones
• supraorbital margin and supraorbital foramen
• contains frontal sinus

Question 11

Parietal Bones

Answer 11

most of cranial roof and part of its lateral walls
-bordered by all four sutures
-sagittal: between the parietal bones
-coronal: between the frontal and parietal bones
-lambdoid: between the parietal and occipital bone
-squamous: between the temporal and parietal
2 temporal lines= attachment of temporalis muscle

Question 12

Temporal Bones

Answer 12

Lateral wall and part of floor of cranial cavity

• zygomatic process
• mandibular fossa
• external auditory meatus
• internal auditory meatus: opening for vestibulocochlear nerve
• masstiod process and mastiod notch

Question 13

Occipital Bone

Answer 13

Rear and base of skull

• foramen magnum- opening for the spinal cord
• skull rests on occipital condyles
• external occipital protuberance for nuchal ligament

Question 14

Sphenoid bone

Answer 14

Optic foramen
sella turcica: houses pituitary gland
sphenoid sinus
-butterfly shaped bone touching the occipital and temporal bones

Question 15

ethmoid Bone

Answer 15

located between the eyes
-perpendicular plate: superior 2/3 of nasal septum
Cribriform (olfactory) foramina
labyrinth with ethmoidal cells=ethmoid sinus
superior and middle nasal conchae: create turbulent airflow

Question 16

Maxilla

Answer 16

Intermaxillary suture
aveolar processes: bony points between teeth
alveolus: sockets holding teeth
palate: allows chewing while breathing
-palatine process
maxillary process

Question 17

palatine bones

Answer 17

l-shaped bones
-horizontal plate
-perpendicular plate
posterior portion of hard palate

Question 18

Zygomatic Bones

Answer 18

forms angles of cheek bones and part of lateral orbital wall

-zygomatic arch: from temporal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone

Question 19

Lacrimal Bones

Answer 19

froms part of medial wall of each orbit
smallest bones of the skull
lacrimal fossa with lacrimal sac
-tears collect in lacrimal sac--> nasal cavity
located behind the eyes

Question 20

Nasal Bones

Answer 20

bridge of nose
supports cartilages shaping lower portion of nose
often fractured by blow to nose

Question 21

Inferior Nasal Conchae

Answer 21

3 conchae in nasal cavity
-superior and middle: part of ethmoid bone
Inferior nasal concha: a separate bone

Question 22

Vomer

Answer 22

Inferior 1/2 of nasal septum

supports cartilage forming anterior part of nasal septum

Question 23

Mandible

Answer 23

strongest bone of skull
-supports lower teeth
alveo;ar processes
mental foramen
mandibular condyle and TMJ
mandibular foramen

Question 24

Functions of the vertebral column

Answer 24

• supports skull and trunk
• allows for their movement
• protects the spinal cord
• absorbs stress of walking, running, and lifting
• provides attachments for limbs, thoracic cage, and postural muscles

Question 25

Vertebral Column

Answer 25

``` 33 vertebrae all together 5 groups -7 cervical in neck -12 throracic in chest -5 lumbar in neck -5 fused sacral -4 fused coccygeal ```

Question 26

Vertebral Curvatures

Answer 26

``` 1 curve at birth as an adult 4 normal curvatures -cervical (at birth) -thoracic (by the time a kid can sit) -lumbar (by the time a kid can walk) -pelvic ```

Question 27

Vertebra

Answer 27

``` Body -mass of spongy bone contains red bone marrow -covered with thin shell of compact bone -Function: weight bearing portion vertebral foramina: vertebral canal for spinal cord vertebral arch -pedicle: pillarlike -lamina: platelike spinous process -from apex of arch transverse process superior articular processes -meets inferior articular processes Facets -flat articular surfaces covered with hyaline cartilage Intervertebral foramen -opening between 2 vertebrae -for spinal nerves ```

Question 28

Intervertebral Discs

Answer 28

``` 1st between C2 and C3 last between L5 and sacrum 2 parts -nucleus pulposus: inner gelatinous mass -anulus fibrosus: outer ring of fibrocartilage binds the vertebrae together bupports body weight absorbs shock ```

Question 29

C1 or Atlas

Answer 29

``` supports the head no body superior articular facets -nodding motion atlanto-occipital joint: between atlas and occipital bone(cranium) inferiorarticular facets ```

Question 30

C2 or Axis

Answer 30

``` allows for the rotation of the head dens/odontoid process -vertebral foramen of atlas -transverse ligament Atlantoaxial joint: between the atlas and axis ```

Question 31

cervical vertebrae

Answer 31

bifid or forked spinous processes C2-C6 small body and larger vertebral foramen transverse foramen in transverse process -passage and prtection of vertebral arteries and veins -only in cervical vertebrae C7 vertebra prominens: spinous process not bifid and very long

Question 32

thoracic vertebrae

Answer 32

``` 12 vertebrae -the pairs of ribs attach spinous processes: pointed and angled sharply down body: >cervical, but

Question 33

Lumbar Vertebrae

Answer 33

``` 5 vertebrae body: very large and thick spinous process: blunt and square superior articular processes: face medially -resistes to twisting movements ```

Question 34

Sacrum

Answer 34

``` 5 fused 4 transverse lines anterior and posterior sacral foramina sacral promontory: on S1, supports S5 superior articular processes on S1 auricular surface ```

Question 35

Coccyx

Answer 35

``` 4 small fused horns on Co1 -attachment for ligaments binding coccyx to sacrum attachment for muscles of pelvic floor fractured -difficult childbirth -hard fall on butt ```

Question 36

Thoracic Cage

Answer 36

Thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs, sternum attachment for pectoral girdle and upper limbs respiratory muscles expand protect thoracic organs, spleen and most of liver and some kidneys

Question 37

sternum

Answer 37

``` breastbone 3 regions -manubrium(clavicular notches) -body -xiphoid process --abdominal muscle attachment --improper CPR=fatal hemorrage ```

Question 38

Ribs

Answer 38

``` 12 pairs -anterior(distal) end -posterior(proximal) end -costal cartilage: hyaline cartilage attach to the anterior end to sternum Head -superior articular facet -inferior articular facet Tubercle -articular facet True Ribs: 1-7 -own cartilage connecting directly to the sternum False Ribs: 8-12 -8-10: cartilage connects to other cartilage -11-12: floating ribs (no cartilage) ```

Question 39

Pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)

Answer 39

clavicle and scapula - clavicle articulates - -medially to sternum (sternoclavicular) - -laterally to scapula (acromioclavicular joint) - scapula articulates with - -humerus (glenohumeral joint) - -loose attachment= easily dislocated

Question 40

Clavicle

Answer 40

sternal end acromial end braces shoulder, keep upper limb away from midline of body

Question 41

scapula

Answer 41

acromion coracoid process: biceps muscle tendon attachment glenoid cavity spine

Question 42

humerous

Answer 42

``` head articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula deltoid tuberosity capitulum trochlea lateral and medial epicondyles olecranon fossa coronoid fossa radial fossa ```

Question 43

Radius

Answer 43

``` Head: disc shaped, allows rotation -articulates with capitulum on humerous -articulates with radial notch on ulna styloid process ulnar notch ```

Question 44

Ulna

Answer 44

``` Trochlear notch articulates with of humerus olecranon coronoid process radial notch styloid process interosseous membrane -ligament attaches radius to ulna -two elbow joints share the load ```

Question 45

Carpal Bones

Answer 45

``` 8 bones in the wrist -Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction Proximal Row: (in order from lateral to medial) -scaphoid -lunate -triquetrum -pisiform (sesamoid) Distal Row: (in order from medial to lateral) -hamate -capitate -trapezoid -trapezium ```

Question 46

Pelvic Girdle

Answer 46

2 hip bones and sacrum Pelvis: pelvic girdle, ligaments and muscles -supports trunk on lower limbs -protects viscera

Question 47

interpubic disc

Answer 47

fibrocartilage joins pubic bones

Question 48

Pubic symphysis

Answer 48

interpubic disc and regions of pubic bone on each side

Question 49

pollex

Answer 49

the thumb

Question 50

hallux

Answer 50

big toe

Question 51

Hip Bone

Answer 51

iliac crest: superior crest of hip acetabulum: hip socket obturator foramen: large hole below acetabulum adult hip bone: fusion of the ilium, ischium and pubis

Question 52

Ileum

Answer 52

Greater sciatic notch | sacroiliac joint: auricular surface if ileum to auricular surface of sacrum

Question 53

Ischium

Answer 53

ischial tuberosity (where we sit)

Question 54

Pubis (pubic bone)

Answer 54

houses the urinary bladder