Chapter 2 Flashcards by Naa Addy

Inorganic Compounds

Small, Simple Substances

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Organic Compounds

Generally large, complex carbon-containing compounds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Elements

Substances that can’t be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Atom

Smallest unit of an element that retains that element’s chemical properties

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Subatomic Particles

Neutrons, Protons, and Electrons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Atomic Number

The fixed number of protons in the atomic nucleus which determines an atoms identity and defines element

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Periodic Table

A chart of elements arranged in order by atomic number and chemical behavior

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bohr Models

Represent the electron configurations of elements as a series of concentric rings

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Atomic Mass Unit or Dalton

Mass of subatomic particle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with varying numbers of neutrons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Radioisotopes

Radioactive decay can be detected by autoradiography, on photographic film and can be used:
Tracers in research
In medicine for detection or treatment
For archeology/paleontology to determine the age of found objects

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Orbitals

Regions of 3-D space in which electrons move corresponding to energy levels.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chemical Behavior

Determined by the number and arrangement of its valence electrons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chemical Compound

Consists of atoms of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chemical Formula

Describes the chemical composition of a substance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Empirical Formula

Smallest ratios for atoms in a compound (eg. NH2)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Molecular Formula

Actual numbers of each type of atom per molecule (e.g N2H4)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Structural Formula

Arrangement of atoms in a molecule (e.g, H-O-H, or water)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Avogadro’s Number

One mol of any substance has exactly the same number of atoms or molecules: 6.02 x 10^23

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Valence Electrons

Outer shell and dictate how many bonds an atom can form

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bond Energy

The energy necessary to break a chemical bond

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Covalent Bonds

Share electrons between atoms to fill each atom’s valence shell

Covalent Compound

Unlike atoms linked by covalent bonds

Lewis Structure

A simple way of representing valence electrons by placing dots around the element's chemical symbol

Single Covalent Bond

One pair of electrons is shared between two atoms

Double Covalent Bond

Two pairs of electrons is shared between two atoms

Triple Covalent Bond

Three pairs of electrons is shared between two atoms

Electronegativity

Measure of an atom's attraction for shared electrons in chemical bonds

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Covalently bonded atoms with similar electronegativities/equally shared electrons

Polar Covalent Bond

Covalent between atoms that differ in electronegativitiy | Has two dissimilar poles, one with a partial positive charge and the other partially negative

Polar Molecule

Has one pole with a partial positive charge and another end with a partial negative charge

Ion

An atom or group of atoms with one or more units of electric charge

Cations

Atoms with 1,2, or 3 valence electrons that lose electrons to other atoms and become positively charged

Anions

Atoms with 5,6, or 7, valence electrons that gain electrons from other atoms and become negatively charge

Ionic Bond

Formed by attraction between the positive charge of a cation and the negative charge of an anion

Ionic Compund

Consists of anions and cations bonded by their opposite charges

Hydration

Process in which each cation or anion in a solution is surrounded by oppositely charged ends of the water

Hydrogen Bonds

Relatively weak bonds that are very important in living organisms

Oxidation

Over very short distances and are weaker and less specific than other types of interactions

Reduction

Chemical process in which an atom, ion, or molecule gains one or more electrons

Cohesion

Occurs when water molecules stick to one another

Adhesion

The ability of water to stick to other substances

Capillary Action

Tendency of water to move in narrow tubes, even against the force of gravity. A combination of adhesion and cohesion

Surface Tension

Occurs when molecules at water's surface crowd together, producing a strong layer as they are pulled downward by the cohesion of water molecules beneath them

Hydrophilic

Substances that love water

Hydrophobic

Substances are not soluble in water

3 Stages of Water

Gas, Liquid, and Ice

Heat

Total kinetic energy in a sample of a substance

Temperature

Average kinetic energy of the particles

Heat of Vaporization

Amount of heat energy required to change 1 g of a substance from liquid phase to vapor phase

Calorie (cal)

Unit of heat energy

Evaporating Cooling

Can occur when water is heated

Acid

Substance that dissociates in solution to yield hydrogen ions (H+) and anion; a proton donor

Base

Substance that dissociates in solution to yield a hydroxide ion (OH-) and a cation a proton acceptor

A solution's acidity

Buffer

A substance that resists changes in pH when an acid or base is added. It includes a weak acid or a weak base.