Chapter 3

Question 1

Isomers

Answer 1

Compounds with the same molecular formulas but different structures and properties.

Question 2

Methyl Group

Answer 2

Nonpolar hydrocarbon group (R-CH3)

Question 3

Hydroxyl Group

Answer 3

Polar because of a strongly electronegative oxygen atom (R-OH)

Question 4

Carbonyl Group

Answer 4

A carbon atom that has a double covalent bond with an oxygen atom

Question 5

Aldehyde and Ketone

Answer 5

Carbonyl group

Question 6

Carboxyl Group

Answer 6

A carbon joined by a double covalent bond to an oxygen, and by a single cova

Question 7

Amino Group

Answer 7

A nitrogen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms (R-NH2)

Question 8

Phosphate Group

Answer 8

Can release one or two hydrogen ions, producing ionized forms with one or two units of negative charge. (R-PO4H2). Makes up nucleic acids and certain lipids

Question 9

Sulfhydryl Group

Answer 9

An atom of sulfur covalently bonded to hydrogen found in thiols. Important in proteins

Question 10

Macromolecules

Answer 10

Consist of thousands of atoms

Question 11

How many amino acids in proteins?

Answer 11

20

Question 12

Glucose

Answer 12

Monosaccharide

Question 13

Name 3 disaccharides

Answer 13

Maltose (malt sugar), Sucrose (table sugar), Lactose (milk sugar)

Question 14

Maltose

Answer 14

2 covalently linked a-glucose

Question 15

Sucrose

Answer 15

1 glucose + 1 fructose

Question 16

Lactose

Answer 16

1 glucose + 1 galactose

Question 17

Name 3 polysaccharides

Answer 17

Starches, glycogen, cellulose

Question 18

Starches

Answer 18

Energy storage in plants

Question 19

Glycogen

Answer 19

Energy storage in animals

Question 20

Cellulose

Answer 20

Structural polysaccharide in plants

Question 21

Starch occurs in 2 forms

Answer 21

Amylose, Amylopectin

Question 22

Insoluble polysaccharide composed of many joined glucose molecules

Answer 22

Cellulose

Question 23

Lipids

Answer 23

Compounds soluble in nonpolar solvents, and relatively insoluble in water

Question 24

Important lipids

Answer 24

Fats, Phospholipids, carotenoids, steroids, and waxes

Question 25

Phospholipids

Answer 25

Are amphipathic lipds with one hydrophilic end and one hydrophic end

Question 26

Proteins

Answer 26

Macromolecules composed of aminoacids

Question 27

Peptide Bond

Answer 27

A covalent carbon-to-nitrogen bond linking two amino acids

Question 28

Primary Structure

Answer 28

Sequence

Question 29

Secondary Structure

Answer 29

Hydrogen bonding involving the backbone

Question 30

Tertiary Structure

Answer 30

Depends on interactions among side chains

Question 31

Quaternary Structure

Answer 31

Interactions among polypeptides

Question 32

Glucagon | Primary Structure

Answer 32

Small polypeptide made up of 29 amino acids, represented in a linear, beads on a string form

Question 33

In the secondary structure of a polypeptide, two common types

Answer 33

A-helix | B-pleated

Question 34

Denaturation of a protein

Answer 34

Occurs when a protein is heated, subjected to significant pH change, or treated with certain chemicals

Question 35

Nucleic Acid

Answer 35

Transmit hereditary information and determine what proteins a cell manufactures

Question 36

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Answer 36

Makes up hereditary material of the cell (genes) and contains instructions for making proteins and RNA

Question 37

Ribonucleic Acid

Answer 37

Used in processes that link amino acids to form polypeptides

Question 38

What are the four nitrogenous bases for DNA

Answer 38

Two purines: Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) Two pyrimidines: Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T)

Question 39

What are the four nitrogenous bases for RNA

Answer 39

Two purines: Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) Two pyrimidines: Cytosine (C) and Uracil (U)

Question 40

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 40

Primary energy

Question 41

Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP)

Answer 41

Supports transfer of energy by transferring a phosphate group

Question 42

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+ or NADH)

Answer 42

Primary in oxidation and reduction reactions in cells