Chapter 20

Question 1

what gives you the ability to permanently change the hair’s natural wave and curl pattern, thereby offering clients a variety of styling options that would not otherwise be possible?

Answer 1

chemical texture services

Question 2

without a thorough understanding of what, cosmetologists could damage hair, cause hair loss, and harm their clients and themselves?

Answer 2

chemistry

Question 3

what tough exterior layer of the hair has the purpose of surrounding the inner layers and protecting the hair from damage?

Answer 3

cuticle

Question 4

which layer of the hair is located directly beneath the cuticle layer and is responsible for the incredible strength
and elasticity of human hair?

Answer 4

cortex

Question 5

which layer of hair is the innermost layer of the hair, and often called the pith or core of the hair?

Answer 5

medulla

Question 6

the what measures the acidity and alkalinity of a substance by measuring the quantity of hydrogen ions it contains?

Answer 6

pH scale

Question 7

the range of numbers used in the pH scale is what?

Answer 7

0 to 14

Question 8

chemical hair texturizes temporarily raise the prof the hair to an alkaline state in order to what?

Answer 8

soften and swell the shaft

Question 9

in the restructuring process, coarse, resistant hair with a strong compact cuticle requires a chemical solution that is what?

Answer 9

highly alkaline (more alkaline)

Question 10

what are the basic building blocks of hair that affects how chemical solutions react?

Answer 10

amino acids, peptide bonds, polypeptide chains, keratin proteins, and side bonds.

Question 11

which compounds are made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfer?

Answer 11

amino acids

Question 12

which chemical bonds, also known s end bonds, join amino acids together, end to end in long chains to form a polypeptide chain?

Answer 12

peptide bonds

Question 13

what are long, coiled polypeptide chains linked together end to end like beads

Answer 13

keratin proteins

Question 14

the cortex of the hair is made up of millions of polypeptide chains cross linked by three types of side bonds that are responsible for the elasticity and strength of the hair. these bonds are what?

Answer 14

disulfide, salt and hydrogen bonds

Question 15

what chemical side bonds are formed when tow sulfer type chains are joined together

Answer 15

disulfide bonds

Question 16

which bonds are relatively weak physical side bonds resulting from an attraction between negative and positive electrical charges and are easily broken by changes in pH?

Answer 16

salt bonds

Question 17

Hydrogen bonds are weak physical side bonds that result from an attraction between negative and positive electrical charges and are easily broken by water or heat, but reform as the hair is what?

Answer 17

dried

Question 18

what is a two step process in which the hair first undergoes a physical change caused by wrapping the hair on perm rods, and then a chemical change caused by the application of permanent waving solution and neutralizer?

Answer 18

permanent waving

Question 19

what determines the size of the curl in a permanent waving process

Answer 19

the size of the rod

Question 20

in permanent waving , the shape and type of curl are determined by the shape and type of rod and the what?

Answer 20

wrapping method

Question 21

once in the cortex, the reduction reaction called what?

Answer 21

reduction

Question 22

in permanent waving, the reduction reaction is due to the addition of what

Answer 22

hydrogen

Question 23

what are the most common reducing agents used in permanent waving?

Answer 23

thioglycolic acid

Question 24

the what of the permanent waving solution is determined primarily by the concentration of the reducing agent or thio

Answer 24

strength