Chapter 20: Antimicrobial Agents

Question 1

What is the cell wall made up of

Answer 1

peptidoglycan (meurin)

Question 2

what is the peptide portion of the cell wall made up of

Answer 2

• polypeptide
• tetra peptide (4 amino acid chains attached to NAH)

Question 3

tetrapeptide

Answer 3

4 amino acid chain attatched to NAH

Question 4

what makes up the backbone of the cell wall

Answer 4

glucose
- alternating NAM and NAG molecules

Question 5

What are the antimicrobial agents that attack the bacteria cells wall

Answer 5

• Penicillin
• Cephaloporins

Question 6

spectrum

Answer 6

how much bacteria you can attack

Question 7

what are the two types of penicillin

Answer 7

• natural
• semisynthethic

Question 8

How is Pen G natural penicilin administed

Answer 8

injection

Question 9

Pen v penecillinis administered

Answer 9

orally

Question 10

how does penicillin destroy bacteria

Answer 10

attacked the PG peptide in the cell wall, causing osmomtic lysis

Question 11

adverse effects of penicillin

Answer 11

• development of allergies
• resistance

Question 12

what is the nucleus in penicillin called

Answer 12

the B lactam ring

Question 13

organsims that produces enzyme B lactamases

Answer 13

S aures

Question 14

Cephalopsprins destroys bacteria by

Answer 14

attacking PG peptide in the cell wall causing osmotic lysis

Question 15

Cephaloporins is used to treat

Answer 15

menigitis

Question 16

what are the semi forms of cephalosporins

Answer 16

gen 1 –> gen 5

Question 17

Cephalosporins disadvantages

Answer 17

• resistant to enzymes
• more expensive

Question 18

Semisynthetic penicillin is used to treat

Answer 18

• methicillin (MRSA)

Question 19

what are four examples of antimicrobial agents that attack protein synthesis

Answer 19

• Chloromphenicol
• Erythromycin
• Streptomycin
• Tetracycline

Question 20

Chloramphemicol

Answer 20

• attacks protein synthesis of bacteria
  -least expensive
• penetrates tissues wall (BBB)

Question 21

Chloraphenicol is the old treatment for

Answer 21

menigitis

Question 22

Chloramphenicol can be made

Answer 22

• natural
• lab prep

Question 23

Adverse effects of Chloramphenicol

Answer 23

• Aplamsic Anemia (supresses immune system)
• Causes “grey baby syndrome”
• attatched to the 50s unit of ribosomes (inhibits peptide bonds)

Question 24

Erythromycin attaches to

Answer 24

the 50s subunit of ribosomes
- stops translations (inhibits movement of RNA; unable to read codon)

Question 25

what is the alternate drug used for people with penicillin allergies

Answer 25

Erythromycin

Question 26

what form does erythromyecin take

Answer 26

syrup form (easy to administer)

Question 27

Erythromyicin is used to treat

Answer 27

Gram positive bacteria

Question 28

Adverse effects of erythromyecin

Answer 28

- mild Gi sysmptoms (2-3%) - broad spectrum

Question 29

Streptomycin was discovered in

Answer 29

1944

Question 30

Streptomycin was used to treat

Answer 30

TB

Question 31

adverse effects of streptomycin

Answer 31

-resistance - can cause deafness - causes kidney failure

Question 32

How does streptomycin destroy bacteria

Answer 32

Protein synthesis - attaches to the 30s subunit (change shape of mRNA; mRNA is misread (abberent protein))

Question 33

forms of tetracycline

Answer 33

- natural - modified (deoxycycline (semi form))

Question 34

tetracycline

Answer 34

- natural or modified - broadest spectrum of activity - Treats: STD

Question 35

tetracycline applications

Answer 35

- given to animals in feed --> comes into the food chain --> resistance in human population - trests: STD's

Question 36

Tetracycline Adverse Effects

Answer 36

- destroys the normal flora of the GI tract (causes sever diarrhea and superinfections from fungal agents) - Dangerous in pregnancy - mother: liver / kidney failure - fetus: damage to bone structure of the skull (permanent) - damage to enamal (binds to ca) - blocks docking site (attatches to 30s subunit)

Question 37

Sulfa drugs

Answer 37

- inhibit follic acid synthesis (no DNA or RNA --> cell dies) - competitive inhibitors

Question 38

Adverse effects of Sulfa drugs

Answer 38

- used in the thrid trimester of pregnancy can cause server neurological damage - causes juandice - anemia - allergies

Question 39

Sulfa drugs and Trimethopin can be combined to treat

Answer 39

cytitis (UTI)

Question 40

Trimethopin

Answer 40

- inhibit follic acid synthesis (no DNA or RNA --> cell dies)

Question 41

trimethopin adverse effects

Answer 41

- juandice - allergies

Question 42

What antimicrobial agent attack the plasma membrane

Answer 42

Polmyxin B

Question 43

What is polymyxin used to treat

Answer 43

Pseudomonanas

Question 44

how does Polymyxin attack bacteria

Answer 44

cellular content leak out

Question 45

Adverse effects / limitation of Polymyxin

Answer 45

- has to be applied topically (to the skin) - used systemically ( toxin to the kidneys)

Question 46

how do antiviral drugs destroy viruses

Answer 46

minic nucleotides - form false neucleotides

Question 47

what are false nucleotides made up of

Answer 47

nucleoside analog + P

Question 48

what are the 5 antiviral drugs

Answer 48

- acycliovir - lamivudine - Ganciclour - azzidothymine - riboviron

Question 49

Acyclovir

Answer 49

- glutamate - treats hepres 2 - shuts down DNA synthesis

Question 50

Lamivudine

Answer 50

Thymine - treats Hep B, HIV

Question 51

Ganciclour

Answer 51

Glutamate - herepes 5 / CMV retinal (HIV)

Question 52

Azzidothymine

Answer 52

- thymine - HIV

Question 53

Ribovirin

Answer 53

- Glutamate - Influenza