Chapter 24: Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory Tract Flashcards
(58 cards)
1
Q
Strep throat is caused by
A
group A Streptococcus pyogenes
2
Q
streptokinases
A
lyse clots
3
Q
streptolysins
A
are cytotoxic
4
Q
symptoms of strep throat
A
- local inflammation
- fever?
- tonsillitis
- enlarged lymph nodes
5
Q
how is strep throat diagnosed
A
- uses blood agar
- throat swab with exudate
6
Q
Scarlet fever is caused by
A
s. pyogenes
7
Q
symptoms of scarlet fever
A
- fever
- skin rash (pinkish red)
- cheeks
- inflammation / redness of the tongue
8
Q
scarlet fever exotoxin
A
eryhtrogenic
9
Q
scarlet fever is caused by
A
B hemolytic steptococci or s. pyogenes
10
Q
scarlet fever is also known as
A
the sequel to step throat
11
Q
what is otitis media
A
- infection of the middle ear
12
Q
what is the entry of otitis media
A
- nasopharyngeal or contaminated water
13
Q
what are the symptoms of otitis media
A
- pus
- vomiting
14
Q
what are the causes of otitis media
A
- S. pneumoniae (most common)
- Hemophilus influenza
- Moraella sp.
- s. pyogenes
- virus
15
Q
what is the treatment for otitis media
A
semi-synthetic penicillins (amoxicillin)
16
Q
Diptheria is caused by
A
Corynebacterium diptheriae
17
Q
Diptheria exotoxin
A
Clasic A+B
- shuts down synthesis –> causes symptoms –> formation of a pseudomembrane
18
Q
what are the symptoms in phase 1 diphtheria
A
- mild fever
- sore throat
- fatigue
- dramatic swelling of the neck
19
Q
what are the symptoms phase 2 diphtheria
A
- oozing of fluid
- thickens
- forms a pseudomembrane (can be surgically removed) –> grayish membrane in the throat
20
Q
what are the symptoms in stage 3 diphtheria
A
- pseudomembrane occludes membrane
- suffocation
-death
21
Q
where is the cutaneous form of diphteria found in
A
the homeless population
22
Q
cutaneuos form of diphtheria
A
- septicemia
- forms skin ulcers
23
Q
what is the treatment for diptheria
A
DTap vaccine
24
Q
Pertussis is also known as
A
whooping cough
25
how do you treat whooping cough
DTap vaccine
- acellular = boosters required
26
what is pertussis caused by
Bordetella pertussis
27
Bordetella pertussis
- capsule
- tracheal exotoxin (produces mucus)
28
what are stage 1 / Catarrhal pertussis symptoms
- fever
- conjectivitis
- looks like the common cold
29
what are stage 2/ paroxysmal pertussis symptoms
- coughing (broken ribs, bloodshot eyes, small hemoorages in the brain)
- sezuires / epilepsy
30
what are the stage 3/ convalescence pertussis symptoms
- can last weeks / months
31
what are the causes pneumonia
streptococcus pneumonia
32
what does pneumonia effect
the susptiable population
- COPD patients
- diabetes
- kidney disease
- smoking
33
Symtoms of Pneumonia
- high fever (39-40)
- breathing difficulty
- chest pain
- rust colored sputum
34
Atypical pneumonia cause
virus, fungi, protozoa
35
symptoms of atypical pneumonia
- slower onset
- less fever
- less chest pain
36
bacterial causes of atypical pneumoniae
- mycoplsmazma pneumonia
- hemphilis influenza
- legionella pneumophillia
- coxilla burnetti
37
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- no cell wall
- "fried egg colonies"
38
legionella pneumophilia
legionnaries Disease
- grows in water
- transmitted by inhaling aerosols; not transmitted person to person
- Treatment: azithromycin and macrolides
- Symptoms: high fever and cough
39
Coxiella burnetii
- obligate parasite, only gram negative organism that produces endospores
- Acute / chronic fever
- transmitted from animals
- treatment: doxyxxline/tetracycline
40
Viral causes of atypical pneumonia
- respiratory syncytial virus (Houdini virus)
- influenza (flu)
41
respitory syncytial virus
- causes fusion of lung cells
- common in infants + elderly
- Symptoms: sever wheezing, sever bronchiolitis
42
Influenza
- Symptoms: chills, fever, headache, and muscle aches (no intestinal symptoms)
- swine serve as "mixing vessels" --> H1N1
- antigenic drift and shift (no long term immunity)
43
antigenic drift
- minor changes in genome spike 9one base change)
- can still have the same name
- annual varriations
44
Antigenic shift
- major change
- pandemic
45
influenza is treated with
zanamivir (relenza) and oseltamivir (tamiflu)
- inhibits neuraminidase
46
TB is caused by
mycobacterium
47
how can you diagnosi TB
mantoux test: ingests protein into the arm
- inflammation tells stage
- creates baseline for exposure to TB
48
TB in a healthy individual
inate immunity --> macrophages --> bacteria arrested
49
TB in a person with partial failure of immunity
gathering of macrophages --> forms tubercle --> calcium attatched --> forms GHON complexes
50
TB in a person with total failure of immunity
Milary form / reactive form / constipation
- significant weight loss
- loss of vigour
- cough --> blood
51
treatment of TB hard
-cell wall houses mycolic acid
52
treatment of TB
- First line drugs
- Second line drugs
- multi-drug resistant
- extensively drug resistance
- vaccine: Bacilli Calmette Guerin
53
First line drugs
- isoniazid
- rafampin
- ethambutol
- pyrazinamide
54
Second line drugs
- aminoglycoside
- fluoroquinolones
- streptomycin
55
Multi drug resistants (MDR)
resistant to first line drugs
56
Extensively drug resitant (XDR)
resistant to second line drugs
57
Acute Q fever
- high fever
- muscle aches
- headaches
- coughing
58
chronic Q fever
endocarditis (may occur after years of infection)
