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HLST124: Microbiology > Chapter 4: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

prokaryote

A

pre nucleus

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2
Q

Eukaryote

A

true nucleus

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3
Q

types of spiral bacteria

A
  • vibrio/curved rod
  • sprillum
  • spirochete
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4
Q

vibrio / curved rod

A
  • gram negative, motile, facultatively curved rod
    EXAMPLE: Vibrio cholernae (causes cholerae)
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5
Q

Spirillum

A
  • contains flagellum
  • helical or corkscrew shaped bacteria
  • aerobic , helical bacteria with clumps of polar flagella
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6
Q

Spirochete

A
  • corkscrew shaped bacterium with axial filaments
    EXAMPLE: Treponema palladium (causes syhallis)
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7
Q

bacillus / rod

A
  • rod shaped, endospore forming, facultatively anaerobic, gram positive bacteria
    EXAMPLE: Bacillus anthrax (causes anthrax)
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8
Q

types of bacillus bacteria

A
  • single bacillus
  • dipolobacilli (pairs)
  • Streptobacilli (chains)
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9
Q

Shapes of bacteria

A
  • spiral
  • bacillus / rod
  • coccus
  • coccobacillus
  • pleomorphic
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10
Q

types of coccus

A
  • diplococci (pairs)
  • streptococci (chains)
  • straphylococci (clusters)
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11
Q

Diplococci

A
  • pairs
    EXAMPLE: Neisseria gonorhea (casues gonorhea)
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12
Q

streptococci

A
  • chains
    EXAMPLE: streptococcus pyogenes ( causes strep throat)
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13
Q

Straphylococci

A
  • clusters
    EXAMPLE: Streptococcus aureus (causes MRSA and skin infections)
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14
Q

Coccobacillus

A
  • bacterium that is an oval rod
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15
Q

Pleomorphic

A
  • vaired shape
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16
Q

Flangella filament is made of

A
  • made from falgellia
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17
Q

Flangella are

A

hook proteins
- attatch to a hook protein

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18
Q

flangella basal body

A

anchors to the wall

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19
Q

types of flagella

A
  • kanotrichous
  • amphytrichous
  • lophotrichous
  • peritrichous
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20
Q

monotrichous

A
  • single flagella at one pole
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21
Q

Amphytrichous

A
  • flagella at both poles of the cell
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22
Q

Lophotrichous

A
  • a tuft of flangella coming from one pole
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23
Q

Peritrichous

A
  • flagella distributed over the entire cell
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24
Q

Axial filament is also called

A

Endoflagella

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25
Axial filament function
- propels bacteria in a sprial motion
26
axial filaments are found in
- spirochetes only
27
Glycocalyx functions
- increases virulence (EXAMPLE: streptococcus pneumoniae) - phagocytosis decreases - allows bacterial cell to attactch (EXAMPLE: streptococcus mutains attaches to tooth --> causes tooth decay)
28
Virulence
- the degree to which a pathogen causes disease EXAMPLE: streptococcus pneumoriae
29
glycocalyx is made up of
polysacharides and polypeptides
30
glycocalyx
- capsule - outside cell wall - sticky
31
Fimbrae
- hair-like projections - numerous - shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella
32
Fimbrae function
to attach
33
Example of fimbrae
neisseria gonnorhea ( auses gonnerhea)
34
Pilus (i) is also called
sex pilus
35
example of pilus
- Escherichia coli
36
Pilus numbers
- 1-2 per cell
37
Pilus function
- motility - DNA transfer
38
Cell wall is made up of
peptidoglycan (murein)
39
Peptide is made up of
- polypeptide - tetropeptide
40
tetropeptide make up
- 4 amino acids attached to NAH
41
Glycogen is also
sugar (C6H12O6) backbone
42
Glucose is made up of
- NAM - NAG
43
NAM stands for
- N Acetyl Murunic Acid
44
NAG stands for
N Acetyl Glucomine
45
What from the backbone
- alternating NAM and NAG molecules from the backbone
46
types of cell wall bacteria
- GRAM positive - GRAM negative - Atypical
47
GRAM positive cell wall makeup
- several layers of petidoglycan (PG) (thick) and - teichoic Acid (or lipoteichoic acid)
48
Teichoic acid is made up of
- an alchol and phosphate
49
what is an anchol?
can be: - Ribitol (5 carbon ) - Glycerol (3 carbon) ** structure changes depending on which alcohol
50
Function of GRAM positive bacteria
- identify / antigen specificity - Po4 - attracts postive ions
51
GRAM negative cell wall makeup
- one or two layers of PG - outer membrane (4 layers) - periplasm
52
Periplasm
- active area of cell metabolism - fills periplasmic space (between outer and plasma membrane)
53
GRAM negative bacteria contains
- phospholipid bilayer - Porins - Lipoprotein - lipopolyseccharide
54
porins
- protein - permit passageway of molecules (kemples)
55
Lipopolyseccharide is made up of
- lipid A - sugar
56
Lipid A
- is an endotoxin (causes fever, GI tract symptoms, and SHOCK)
57
Sugar
- no TA in gram-reg-bacteria - o polysaccride plays similar role as TA
58
Atypucal bacteria uses what kind of stain
- uses acid fast-stain
59
Atypical Bacteria
- waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to PG - mycobacterium species
60
Atypical bacteria examples
- microbacterium tuberculosis ( casues TB) - microbacterium leprae (cause leprosy) - mycoplsmna pneumoniae - archea
61
what contians mycolic acid (waxy lipid)
- microbacterim tuberculosis - micobacterium leprae
62
mycoplasma pneumoniae
- atypical bacteria - no cell wall - sterole; in plasma membrane
63
Archaea
- no cell wall or - walls with pseudomurein
64
2 types of damage to the cell wall
- lysozymes - antibiotics
65
Lysozymes are foudn in
- the mucous, saliva, tears, and breastmilk
66
lysozyme function
- destroy glycan of PG
67
Protoplast
Lysozyme - formed in a wall-less gram-positive cell - only PM and PG
68
Spheroplast
- formed by the actions of lysozymes in a Gram-negative cel;
69
plasma membrane has
- phospholipid bilayer - peripherial proteins'- intergral proteins
70
plasma membrane function
- selective permunabilitySimple
71
Diffusion
- movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
72
osmosis
- the movement of water accross a selectivly permiable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration
73
Facilitated diffusion
- solute combines with a transpoter protein in the mebrane - move from high to low concentration
74
Hypotonic
- water moves into the cell (swells) - if cell bursts (osmotic lysis)
75
Isotonic
- no net movement of water
76
Hypertonic
- water moves out of the cell (shrinks) - plasmolysis
77
Cytoplasm
- substance inside the cell memebrane
78
- Nucleotide
- contains bacterial chromosome
79
Ribosomes
- attatched to the outer layer of ER or free floating - "workbenches" for protein synthesis - eukaryotes (larger); prokaryote (smaller) - granules of RNA and proteins
80
Endospores
- resting cell - resistant to desiccation, heat, and chemical - formed by gram positive bacteria (bacillus, clostriduim)
81
what is the exeption to endospores
- coxiella burmetti (causes fever) is a gram negative bacteria
82
Sporulation
- endospore formation
83
Germination
- return to vegatative state
84
Clostridium Tetnus
causes tetnus
85
Clostridium perfringes
- causes gangreen
86
closteridium bolulinum
- causes botulism
87
Clostridium difficile
- causes colitus
88
which organelles are only present in prokayotes
- plasma membrane - ribosomes - cytoplasm
89
Nucleus
- Eukaryotes only - DNA and specialized proteins enclosed by a double layer membrane - acts as the control cente rof the cell - provides storage of genetic information - provides codes for the synthesis of structural and enzymatic proteins - serves as a blueprint for cell replication
90
Endoplasmic reticulum
- forms new cell membrane and other cellular components - manufactures products for secretion
91
Inclusions
- glycogen granules, foat droplets - store excess nutrients
92
Vaults
- shaped like hollow octegonal barrels - "cellular trucks for transportation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm - cancer patients: store chemotherapy drugs
93
Smooth ER
- no ribosomes - packages proteins (from RER) , synthesizes lipid hormones - muscles; store calcium as sarcoplasmic reticulum
94
Golgi Complex
- stackeled, flat membranous sacs - modifies packages, and distributes newly synthesized proteins - marks for final destination
95
Peroxisomes
- contains oxidative enzymes - detoxification
96
Vessicles
- transiently formed, membrane enclosed products synthesized within/ engulfed by the cell - transports and store products being moved in/ out of the cell
97
Cytosol
- semi gelatinous - soluble
98
Mitochondria
- site of ATP production - double memebrane
99
Centriole
- consists of 9 short triplet microtubules - growth site of new microtubules - guides DNA movement
100
Lysosomes
- contain hydrolytic enzyems - "digestice system" of the cell, destroys foreing substances and cellular debris - phagocytosis

HLST124: Microbiology (18 decks)

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