Chapter 22

Question 1

Novel Features of Tracheophytes

Answer 1

• Embryo: zygote retained, nourished by gametophyte (matrotrophy)
• Cuticle
• Stomata,
• Spores made of sporopolenin (decay resistant)
• Sporic life cycle
• Vascular Tissue (xylem & Phloem)

Question 2

when did seed plants originate?

Answer 2

Seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) originate 365 MYA

Question 3

gymnosperms divisions

Answer 3

Ginkophyta
Cycadophyta
Gnetophyta
Coniferophyta

Question 4

angiosperm divisions

Answer 4

Anthophyta

Question 5

what kind of life cycle do gymnosperms have?

Answer 5

a sporic life cycle

Question 6

are gymnosperms homo or heterosporous

Answer 6

heterosporous

Question 7

what does it mean for something to be heterosprous?

Answer 7

separate male /female gametophytes

Question 8

what do the microgametophytes of gymnosperms produce?

Answer 8

pollen

Question 9

are the microgametophytes of gymnosperms free living?

Answer 9

yes

Question 10

do gymnosperms have an antheridia?

Answer 10

no

Question 11

why dont gymnosperms have an antheridia?

Answer 11

they produce sperm directly and have a pollen tube

Question 12

is water required for fertilization of gymnosperms

Answer 12

no

Question 13

does sperm have flaglla in gymnosperms?

Answer 13

no

Question 14

function of a megagametophyte in a gymnosperm

Answer 14

it develops into part of a seed

Question 15

is an archgonia present in a megagamtophyte?

Answer 15

yes, the eggs are produced there

Question 16

Gymnosperm Megasporangium

Answer 16

• Surrounded by integument (1 or 2 layers)
• Reduction of megaspore mother cells (n=1).
• Meiosis produces 4 megaspores
• Unequal cytoplasmic partitioning
• One cell, mature megaspore

Question 17

how pollination occurs in gymnosperms

Answer 17

•Pollen enters micropyle, may occur prior to megagametophytedevelopment.
•Mature Megagametophyteproduces archegonia (1-2)
•Pollen germinates to produce pollen tube, grows towards archegonium
.•Sperm swim or transported to egg.

Question 18

how seed maturation occurs in gymnosperms

Answer 18

• Fertilization
• Embryo growth
• Dormancy
• Dispersal

Question 19

Spores vs. Seeds

Answer 19

Spores: Haploid, single celled, develop into gametophytes

Seeds: Complex assemblages of tissue
•Embyro(2N)
•Nutritive tissue
•megagametophyte(1N) gymnosperms
•or endosperm (3N) angiosperms
•integument (2N parental sporophyte)

Question 20

true or false seed is not an egg.

Answer 20

true

Question 21

Components of a seed

Answer 21

1) Embryonic sporophyte (multicellular 2N, product of fertilization).
2) Female gametophyte = Nutritive tissue.
3) Seed coat (hard layer that protects the embryo) derived from sporangium wall and integuments (parental 2N).

Question 22

Advantages of Seeds over Spores

Nutrition

Answer 22

Rapid initial growth.Increased competitive ability compared to spores.

Question 23

Advantages of Seeds over Spores

Dormancy

Answer 23

Delay development until conditions are favorable. Seed banks.

Question 24

Advantages of Seeds over Spores

Permits life in harsh habitats

Answer 24

Reduction of adult lifespan (desert annuals).

Question 25

Gymnosperm Pollen Development

Answer 25

``` Microspores develop into: -microgametophyte -mitosis -small 4 or 8 cells-pollen Formed in microsporangiate cones. ```

Question 26

Microspores

Answer 26

develop into extremely reduced male gametophytes.

Question 27

Pollen grain

Answer 27

immature male gametophyte (microgametophyte).This is the stage that pollen is shed (spring) and is wind-dispersed.

Question 28

true or false, ginkgophyta are extinct in the wild

Answer 28

true

Question 29

where can ginkgophyta be found today?

Answer 29

Preserved in temple gardens in China and Japan

Question 30

physical structure of ginkgo

Answer 30

-Ovules produced singly-leaves produced on ‘short shoots'

Question 31

is the sporophyte or gymnosperm generation of ginkgophyta

Answer 31

the sporophyte

Question 32

are Ginkgophyta homo or heterosporous?

Answer 32

heterosporous

Question 33

what is the male sporophyte of Ginkgophyta called?

Answer 33

microspoangiate

Question 34

what is the female sporophyte og ginkgophyta called?

Answer 34

megasporangiate

Question 35

is the sperm of Ginkgophyta motile?

Answer 35

yes

Question 36

Ginkgo & Cycad Pollination | enter the megagametophyte where?

Answer 36

the micropyle

Question 37

what kind of pollen tube do | Ginkgo & Cycad have?

Answer 37

Haustorial pollen tube.

Question 38

how ginkgo and cycad are pollinated

Answer 38

* Pollen enter micropyle * Haustorial pollen tube. * Pollen tube grows into nucellus(megasporangium) * Absorbs nutrition * Pollen grain ruptures near archegonia. * Sperm swim to egg in archegonium. * Polyembryony: fertilization of multiple archegonia... usually only one embryo survives.

Question 39

Gnetophyta

Answer 39

Group of unusual plants with varying growth form Possess standard set of seed plant characteristics Non-motile sperm

Question 40

Coniferophyta wood contains only _____

Answer 40

tracheids, no vessels

Question 41

Coniferophyta leaves are ___

Answer 41

needls

Question 42

what are needles

Answer 42

highly modified megaphylls

Question 43

are conifers hetero or homosporous?

Answer 43

heterosporous

Question 44

is the sporophyte or gametophyte dominant in conifers?

Answer 44

Sporophyte dominant, most produce both microspores and megaspores on the same plant

Question 45

is conifer sperm motile?

Answer 45

no

Question 46

how are pollen and seeds dispersed in gymnosperms?

Answer 46

In gymnosperms, both pollen and seeds are usually wind-dispersed.

Question 47

How are cycads pollinated?

Answer 47

Cycads are often insect pollinated (by weevils) and their fruits are fleshy and are eaten by animals.

Question 48

the use of insects by cycads represents the first form of ______ for plant reproduction

Answer 48

animal-plant interaction

Question 49

juniper berryies are dispersed how?

Answer 49

they are eaten by bird the seeds are dispersed in feces